SNC 2DI Exam Review: Biology Unit 1. Understand the meaning of the following terms. Be able to recognize their definitions:

Transcription

1 SNC 2DI Exam Review: Biology Unit 1. Understand the meaning of the following terms. Be able to recognize their definitions: Apoptosis Cancer Cell membrane Cell specialization Cell wall Centriole Chloroplast Cloning Cytokinesis Cytoplasm Differentiation Golgi apparatus Homeostasis Immunization Lysosomes Meristematic cells Mitochondria Mitosis Nucleus Organ Organ system Organelle Phloem Photosynthesis Regeneration Ribosome Rough ER Smooth ER Stem cells Tissue Transgenic organism Vacuole Xylem 2. Know the general rules for using and focusing a microscope, a) outline the steps to follow when you put a cover slip onto a specimen when preparing a wet mount first prepare the wet mount by putting a drop of mounting medium (stain) onto the slide place the specimen in the mounting medium hold a cover slip by its edges at a 45º angle to the specimen lower the cover slip onto the specimen from the 45º angle to prevent air bubbles b) which objective lenses can be focused using the coarse adjustment knob? Low/medium/high c) which objective lenses can be focused using the fine adjustment knob? Low/medium/high d) when you are done with the microscope, how should you leave the stage? lower the stage into the lowest possible position before you put the microscope away 3. Calculate the total magnification of the following combinations of lenses: a) Ocular lens is 4x power and objective lens is 10x power. Total magnification is 40X b) Ocular lens is 10x power and objective lens is 20x power. Total magnification is 200X c) Ocular lens is 5x power and objective lens is 40x power. Total magnification is 200X

2 4. Label the parts of the animal and plant cells:

3 5. Know the basic parts of the cell and their function: Cell part Function Found in Animal Cells? Found in Plant Cells? Cell membrane contains the cytoplasm controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell separates the cell from its environment Cell wall gives structural support to plant cells no Cytoplasm supports and contains the organelles contains dissolved nutrients which can move through the cell Nucleus the control centre of the cell holds the genetic information which is contained in chromatin (chromosomes) Nucleolus found inside the nucleus makes ribosomes Chromatin found inside the nucleus contains all of the genetic information (genes) needed by the cell Mitochondria the power stations of the cell where glucose (sugar) is burned to generate energy for the cell in a process called cellular respiration Chloroplasts organelles that contain chlorophyll no where photosynthesis takes place convert radiant energy from the sun to chemical energy stored in glucose Centrioles create spindle fibers during prophase No to help guide the chromosomes so they divide properly between the two daughter cells Endoplasmic Reticulum a network of membranes that form channels throughout the cytoplasm transports proteins through the cell rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it Ribosomes small organelles that make proteins Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles Lysosomes makes vesicles to package and store proteins made by the ribosomes a type of vesicle (fluid-filled bubble ) in the cytoplasm of plant cells that is used to store sugars, proteins and other nutrients a type of vesicle (fluid filled bubble ) that contains digestive enzymes that can break down worn-out or damaged cell parts so their components can be reused important in protecting the cell from bacteria and viruses No central vacuole Small vacuoles are present no

4 6. Why can cells not get too large? if cells get too large, nutrients can not diffuse adequately to the centre of the cell, so the cell will not function properly small cells absorb nutrients from their environment more efficiently than larger cells 7. Know the five stages of the cell cycle, how to recognize each stage in a diagram and what events take place during each stage: Stage of Cell Cycle Interphase (not part of mitosis) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase How can you recognize this stage? the nuclear membrane and nucleus is intact centrioles have not formed spindle fibers the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleus has long tangled strands of chromatin you can still see some of the nuclear membrane (it is dissolving) you can see the centrioles starting to form spindle fibers the chromosomes are visible as shorted, thickened X shapes no visible nuclear membrane X-shaped chromosomes are lined up along the equator (middle of the cell) spindle fibers are attached to each chromosome and to a centriole no visible nuclear membrane V-shaped chromosomes are being pulled to either end of the cell by spindle fibers you can begin to see the nuclear membrane as it reforms the chromosomes are less distinct as they turn back into chromatin threads you can see two nuclei, one at each end of the cell you can see a cleavage furrow where the cytoplasm pinches off in animal cells or a cell plate forms in the middle of plant cells spindle fibers dissolve What takes place during this stage? the DNA (as chromatin) is duplicated the cell grows and works and does normal cell things the duplicated DNA strands (chromatin) shorten and thicken to form chromosomes so that the DNA strands won t break during cell division the membrane around the nucleus dissolves centrioles form spindle fibers that will help guide the movement of the chromosomes the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell, guided by the pushing and pulling of spindle fibers the chromosomes are pulled in half, and one half of each X is pulled to each end of the cell by spindle fibers the nuclear membrane begins to reform around the two new nuclei the chromosomes unwind and turn back into chromatin threads the cytoplasm is divided between the two daughter cells (cytokinesis) spindle fibers dissolve 8. For each of the following diagrams, identify the stage of the cell cycle that is represented. The diagrams are in no particular order.

5 Interphase cytokinesis anaphase telophase metaphase prophase 9. What are the three reasons that mitosis occurs? Growth Repair reproduction 10. Explain how cancer differs from regular cell division Normal Cells Cancer Cells Make exact copies of themselves through mitosis Make exact copies of themselves through mitosis Reproduce for about cell divisions Do not stop reproducing Stick together to form masses of cells as Do not stick to other cells appropriate Behave independently Self-destruct when too old or too damaged May move to another location of the body 11. Label the diagram of the digestive system. esophagus liver Gall bladder Large intestine stomach pancreas Small intestine 12. Complete the following charts Animal Tissues Tissue Type Function Where is it found? Epithelial Lines body cavities and outer surface of body Skin, lining body cavaties such as stomach Protects structures Forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes, and sweat

6 Connective Supports and protects structures Blood, fat, bone, cartiladge Forms blood Stores fat Fills empty space Muscle Allows for movement Heart, lining organs, surrounding skeleton Nervous Responds to stimuli Brain, skin, Transmits and stores information Plant Tissues Meristematic Unspecialized tissue capable of dividing by mitosis Responsible for growing new parts of the plant Epidermal Forms the protective outer covering Allows exchange of materials and gases into and out of the plant Ground In the stem: provides strength and support In the roots: stores food and water In the leaves: where photosynthesis occurs Vascular Moves substances from the roots to the leaves Xylem moves water and minerals from roots to leaves Phloem moves sugar from leaves to other parts of plant Root tip, stems, cambium Top and underside of leaves Stem, roots, leaves Roots, stem, leaves 13. What is the importance of stem cells in human development? Stem cells are unspecialized, in the proper conditions they can specialize into any type of cell When stem cells differentiate they can form specific functions which allows for more complicated processes to occur 14. Complete the following chart regarding human organ systems Organ System Organs Involved Basic Function Integumentary System Skin, hair, nails, glands Covers and protects body Glands help control body temperature Muscular-Skeletal Bones, cartiladge, Supports body System muscles, ligaments Allows movement Protects the body Digestive System Mouth, esophagus, Ingestion stomach, pancreas, gall Digestion bladder, liver, intestines, Absorption of nutrients rectum Elimation of solid wastes

7 Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Excretory system Nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm Heart, blood vessels, blood Brain, nerves, spinal chord Skin, kidney, bladder, urethra Exchange of gases Transportation of materials (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes) within body Controls body functions Coordinates responses and activities Elimination of wastes 15. Explain how organ systems work together within the body during the fight or flight response. Include some of the following: brain recognizes threat (nervous system) Chemicals are released into the bloodstream (circulatory system, endocrine system) Breathing and heart rate increases (respiratory system, circulatory system) Blood is directed away from our digestive tract and directed into our muscles and limbs, which require extra energy and fuel for running and fighting (digestive system and locomotion system) Our pupils dilate. Our awareness intensifies. Our sight sharpens. Our impulses quicken. Our perception of pain diminishes. (nervous system) Our immune system mobilizes with increased activation (immune system) 16. Describe the different types of medical imaging technologies including: x-rays, fluoroscopy, Ultrasound, CT, MRI, Nuclear medicine, and PET. X-ray: very high energy electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate human tissue, used to look at bones Fluoroscopy: continuous beam of x-rays, used to look at movement of organs Ultrasound: uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of body tissues and organs CT (computed tomography): uses x-rays to form 3D images. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce very detailed images of the body Nuclear medicine: patient ingests a radioisotope that emits radiation. A computer detects this radiation and converts it into a picture of how organs are working PET (positron emission tomography): a type of nuclear medicine that uses positrons, also used in cancer treatment