9-1 GCSE Combined Science Knowledge Organiser. Biology- paper 1

Transcription

1 9-1 GCSE Combined Science Knowledge Organiser Biology- paper 1 Topic 1 Cell Biology pg Topic 2- Organisation pg Topic 3- Infection and Response pg Topic 4 Bioenergetics pg

2 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 1 CELL BIOLOGY Cells and Microscopes Draw and label an animal cell (pg 16) Draw and label a plant cell (pg 17) Microscopes (pg 18-20) Find out the formula for calculating magnification Magnification= 1mm= mm 1mm= nm Q) A picture of an egg cell is 8mm wide. Its actual size is 200mm What is the magnification? Ans=x40 Top tips for preparing slides, using a microscope and drawing observations Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (pg 16) Explain the difference between these terms Draw and label a bacterial cell (pg 17) KEY WORDS: Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in yeast

3 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 1 CELL BIOLOGY- Cell specialisation and stem cells Explain the terms differentiation and specialisation (pg22) What is a stem cell, where are they found? Explain how stem cells may be useful to us (pg 24) Draw and annotate 3 examples of specialised animal cells (pg 22-23) Arguments against the use of stem cells (pg 25) Draw and annotate 3 examples of specialised plant cells (pg 23) How can farmers and garden centres make use of stem cells? (pg 25)

4 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 1 CELL BIOLOGY- Chromosomes and mitosis (pg 26-27) What is a chromosome and where are they found? Cell cycle: Word Definition (mix and match) Gene A chemical arranged as a double helix 46 The stages of growth, DNA replication and division that cells go through How many chromosomes are found in human cells? Where do they come from? Chromosome Cell cycle mitosis DNA The process of cell division that produces identical daughter cells A small section of DNA that codes for a characteristic (my making a protein) A bundle of DNA that can be seen in dividing cells through a microscope The number of chromosomes produced after a cell has undergone mitosis Mitosis What is the name of this process? Write down an explanation of what is happening at each stage in the boxes. How many daughter cells produced? Are the genes identical or different to parental cell? Why and where do cells undergo mitosis? Label the diagram: A gene is a section of D. It controls a c of your body. You have chromosomes in the n of your b cells. Arranged in pairs. One of each pair is inherited from your m and one from your f. Your sex cells or g only have chromosomes.

5 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 1 CELL BIOLOGY- Diffusion, osmosis and active transport Diffusion (pg 29) is the movement of (liquids or gases) from an area of concentration to an area of er concentration Osmosis (pg 30) is the Active Transport (pg 32) is the movement of substances their concentration, ie from a concentration to a concentration. This requires an input of. Cell membranes are said to be partially permeable because Tick/cross what do they let through? Proteins water Starch Glucose Oxygen Draw an arrow to show the net movement of water Draw an example of active transport in plants and an example in animals (humans) Investigating osmosis with potato chips- sequence method (pg 31) Blot the potato chips dry and measure their mass for the second time Leave them for 60 minutes Measure their initial mass and place them in different sugar solutions Draw a graph of mass change vs concentration Cut potatoes into equal size chips Label the axes. Show where the potatoes have: A) Shrivelled B) No change C) Shrunken

6 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 1 CELL BIOLOGY- Exchanging substances Diffusion in fish gills (pg 36) Gill filaments are Gill lamellae are Other features are: 1) 2) Gas exchange in the lungs (pg 34). The job of the lungs is Alveoli are Villi in the small intestine (pg 35) Villi are found in the Their job is to They are adapted to do this by: 1) 2) Digested food moves in to the blood by: 1) 2) I need to know about diffusion in : 1) Lungs (a ) 2) S I (v ) 3) L 4) F g Diffusion in the leaf (pg 35) Word Stomata Guard cells Carbon dioxide Oxygen Leaf blade Wilting Definition (mix and match) Gas produced by photosynthesis that needs to diffuse out Flattened shape to increase the surface areas for light absorption Holes in the underside of the leaf that allow CO 2 in What happens to plants when the stomata don t close Gas required for photosynthesis that needs to diffuse in to leaf They are responsible for opening or closing the stomata Alveoli are adapted for diffusion by

7 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation Cells Organisation Cell Organisation (pg40 41) - Label the organisation of cells on the below diagram Cell Differentiation (pg 41) 1) What is cell differentiation? (provide an example) 2) Why do Larger organisms required cell differentiation? Tissues (page 40) Using an example and diagram, explain how a tissue is formed form cells. Organs (pg41) Explain how the Stomach is made up of different tissues to perform a certain Function. Organ Organised (pg41) An Organ system is a working together to perform a particular. Use the Flow Chart to show how organs work together for the Digestive System Organ: Function: Organ: Function: Organ: Function: Organ: Function: Organ: Function: KEY WORDS: REMEMBER! You should know that are organised into, the Tissues into, the Organs into and multiple systems into a whole.

8 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation Emzymes What is a Catalyst? (pg 42) Using a Labelled diagram, explain why Enzymes have a specific shape? (pg 42) How does temperature effect the Enzymes activity? (pg 43, add labels to the graph to help) What is an Enzyme? (pg 42) What are Enzymes made from? (pg 42) Draw and Label the Lock and Key model of how Enzymes Function What effect does ph have on the Enzymes rate of activity? (pg 43) REMEMBER! Enzymes speed up Chemical Reactions! If the substance to the Active Site, the Enzyme Catalyse the reaction. Enzymes are not very and need the temperature and conditions to function correctly.

9 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation Enzyme Practical and Rate of Reaction Investigating the effect of ph on Enzyme Activity (pg 44) Outline the Method to carry out this investigation 1) 2) What is an Independent Variable? What is the Independent Variable in this practical? 3) 4) What is an Dependent Variable? 5) 6) What is the Dependent Variable in this practical? 7) 8) What is a Control Variable? Suggest how this test could be modified to test the effects of temperature on Enzyme activity? What is the Control Variables in this practical? Rate of Reaction (pg 44) The rate of reaction can be determined as the of change that has occurred by the taken. RATE = What does Iodine test for? Positive test Negative test How was the Iodine used in the test to show the enzyme was effecting the reaction?

10 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation Enzymes and Digestion Big Molecules (pg 45) Starch, and are big molecules. Why do they need to be broken down by Enzymes? Bile (pg 45) Where is Bile produced, stored and released? What are the two main functions of Bile during Digestion? Draw and explain how Carbohydrates are broken down (pg 45) Why do the products need to be soluble? Draw and explain how Proteins are broken down (pg 45) Complete the table to show where Digestive Enzymes are produced, the organ they are used in and the products formed (pg 45) Enzyme Where it is produced Where they are used for digestion Products that are formed Draw and explain how Lipids (Fats) are broken down (pg 45)

11 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation digestive system and food tests The digestive system pg 46 Food tests pg Label the organs, describe what happens. Add protease, lipase Food type Describe the test (chemicals added etc) Positive result Negative result amylase Sugar Add Benedict s solution and heat to 75 o C Starch Turns Black Protein Stays blue Lipid Hazards:?

12 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation The Lungs and heart Label the lungs pg 51 A double circulatory system is Describe the heart s pace maker P Label the heart pg 53 Gas exchange in the alveolus pg 52 Describe arteries (pg 54) Describe capillaries Describe veins

13 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation Health and disease pg Health is Risk factors that increase your chance of getting a non-communicable disease Cancer is Communicable disease are Non-communicable disease are Benign tumours are Give examples of diseases that interact Risk factors that cause diseases directly Malignant tumours are List the factors that affect health) What is correlation? List 5 risk factors that link to different cancers 1) Does correlation always prove causation? 2) Explain why non-communicable diseases can be costly Provide an example 3) 4) 5)

14 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 2 Organisation Plants pg Benign tumours are The purpose of the xylem is The purpose of phloem is Structure function Explain what transpiration is Draw and label a diagram to explain how a potometer works Helps reduce water loss by evaporation Air spaces in spongy mesophyll Stomata phloem epidermis Tightly packed layer of cells full of chloroplasts These cells open and close the stomata Carries water from roots to leaves List 4 risk factors that affect the rate of transpiration 1) 2) 3) 4) Explain how stomata open and close

15 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 3 INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages What is a pathogen? BACTERIA Bacteria are cells that Name the 4 different types of pathogen. reproduce inside the human body. How do they make you feel ill? VIRUSES 1) Viruses are 2) They are much than a bacterium. 3) They rapidly. PROTISTS Write 3 facts about protists: Where do viruses live? How do they replicate? How do they made you feel ill? List the ways in which pathogens can be spread (include examples) FUNGI Fungi can be or have a made up of hyphae. How do fungi cause disease in plants and animals? How do fungi reproduce?

16 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 3 INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages Give examples of diseases caused by: Viruses Fungi Protists Bacteria HIV How is it spread? Symptoms: A disease caused by a protist is MALARIA. Part of this protist s life cycle takes place inside a. Describe how the mosquito spreads the malaria parasite. MEASLES How is it spread? Symptoms: Complications: Why is it such a serious disease? How can it be prevented? TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS This virus affects What effect does it have on plants? How do antiretroviral drugs work? How does it affect the immune cells? What is AIDS? EXTENSION: How can it be prevented? FUNGAL DISEASE: ROSE BLACK SPOT Affects and causes spots to develop. The leaves then and so the plant cannot carry out and the plant does not grow well. Spread by: Treatment: Symptoms: Prevention: Bacterial diseases: GONORRHEA Spread by = Symptoms = Treatment = SALMONELLA Causes Symptoms = Spread by = EXTENSION: how can both of these bacterial infections be prevented?

17 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 3 INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages Method of disease prevention Being hygienic For example How does this prevent/reduce disease? DEFENCE AGAINST MICROBIAL INVASION How do the following protect us against disease? Skin Nose (hair and mucus inside) Destroying vectors Airways (trachea and bronchi) Isolating infected people Vaccination Stomach If microbes do invade, our IMMUNE SYSTEM kicks in The cells form our immune system and they can act in 1 of 3 ways: 1. Consume the microbe engulf and digest ( ) 2. Produce antibodies draw a cartoon with captions in the space below showing how this is done using the keywords antigen and antibody (use the diag below and the one on page 82 for guidance) 3. Produce antitoxins counteract made by invading.

18 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 3 INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages Vaccination Describe what a vaccine is. Highlight the keywords in the diagram below. Vaccination Pros: Give an example of a vaccine. What is the advantage of being vaccinated? Cons: Drugs Give examples of drugs that can relieve symptoms of illness: Bacterial resistance Use the information on page 85 to add captions to the diagram below, showing how bacteria develop resistance. What type of drug cures illness? Which type of microbe is it used to destroy? Which type of microbe can t it destroy? How can antibiotic resistance be reduced? Which drugs come from plants? Describe how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin Which drugs come from microbes?

19 GCSE Biology Revision Topic 3 INFECTION AND RESPONSE page 87 Drug testing Preclinical testing: Drugs are tested on in the laboratory. Limitations with this are.. Preclinical testing: Drugs are tested on This is to test for (whether the drug works), (if it is harmful) and to find the best. Pros of animal testing: Clinical testing: Drugs are tested on in a clinical trial. Firstly, the drug is tested on The dose is The drug is then tested on Write a list of keywords for drug testing Cons of animal testing: The dose is The patients are randomly put into 2 groups - 1 is given the drug, 1 is given a. Peer review 1. Why is a placebo given? 3. What does double-blind mean? 2. Why are clinical trials blind? 4. Why are results peer-reviewed?

20 GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 Photosynthesis (p91) Where exactly in the plant does the photosynthesis reaction occur? (3 marks) Label the different tissues in the leaf and explain their function: Explain how plants use glucose for the following: Respiration Suggest 3 ways that leaves are adapted to do photosynthesis? Building up molecules (2 examples) Storage (2 examples) What is the word equation for photosynthesis? (4 marks) Key concept: Remember that plants do photosynthesis AND respiration! + + What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis? (4 marks) + + What should be written on the arrow? r describes the chemicals on the left. p describes the chemicals on the right. Note where the LEFT chemicals come from. Explain why animal cells cannot carry out photosynthesis Explain why animals do not need to photosynthesise

21 GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 Photosynthesis Limiting Factors (p92-4) Define Limiting factor Name 3 limiting factors for photosynthesis Suggest why water is NOT a limiting factor. Give 3 causes for a lack of chlorophyll in leaves Explain how the amount of chlorophyll can limit photosynthesis. Suggest why plants that grow on the forest floor have very dark green leaves Suggest which factor(s) are likely to be limiting rate in these examples: At night In winter At midday in July Suggest how you could adjust these limiting factors in a lab to investigate them: 1. Light intensity 2. Temperature 3. Carbon dioxide Concentration Suggest how the optimum temperature for enzymes in plants differs to in humans, explain why. (2 marks) Under each graph Describe the trend shown, explain why using limiting factor p94 What do these graphs show?

22 GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 Photosynthesis Measuring rates Required practical (p95-6) What is being measured to determine rate of photosynthesis ( in the picture): Name the independent variable Explain how this is being varied Explain how this is being measured (refer to equipment and measurements) Name the dependent variable Suggest an appropriate unit to measure this in Suggest 3 variables that should be controlled to get valid results Required practical! Circle the graph that fits what is being investigated in the picture above: Explain the meaning of valid Suggest why each measurement should be repeated The Inverse Square Law As the lamp is moved away from the pondweed, what happens to 1. distance? 2. light intensity? As the distance, the light intensity This means that distance and light intensity are proportional to each other. The inverse square law states that: light intensity= 1/ d 2 (d is the distance between light and plant!) Now design a results table that would hold the results So if the distance is doubled, the light intensity is 4x If the distance is halved, the light intensity will be times greater! Work out light intensity (in a.u) for these distances:5cm,10cm,15cm,20cm

23 GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION (p ) Write down the word equation for aerobic respiration: Key concept Remember that plants do photosynthesis AND respiration Respiration is controlled by e It takes place all the time in a and p. Is called aerobic respiration because it uses o Respiration takes place in the m. Write down the equation for anaerobic respiration: Where and when does anaerobic respiration take place? Reasons for respiration Why do muscles become fatigued if you exercise hard? Why is anaerobic respiration much more inefficient than aerobic? What is oxygen debt? The response to exercise: Heart rate Breathing rate The fit person has a resting heart rate, before they begin to exercise The fit persons heart rate rises more The maximum heart rate reached by the fit person is a lot than the unfit person The fit persons heart rate drops when they finish exercise The heart rate of the fit person returns to their resting heart rate in a time.

24 GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION (p ) Write down the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration: Use the equation to explain why respiration is NOT breathing Cyanide is a toxin that stops enzymes in respiration working. Suggest why this can cause death. Explain why respiration is actually more like combustion (burning) Building larger molecules from smaller (3) Investigating the effect of exercise on the body To investigate the effect of different types of exercise on heart rate: 1. Suggest what type of graph would be most appropriate and why Write the number of examples shown around the 2 headings. p101 Metabolic reactions 2. Suggest how you would reduce the effect of random errors on your results Breaking down large molecules into small (2) 3. Explain why the person should rest between each type of exercise The response to exercise: Heart rate Could be measured by: 4. Suggest 4 types of exercise you could use and sketch the graph you d expect to see for the effect of each on heart rate Breathing rate