Resistance breeding against major diseases of common bean in Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Resistance breeding against major diseases of common bean in Ethiopia K. Tumsa, K. Negash, B. Amsalu,G. Ayana, Y. Rezene and D. Tsegaye Ethiopian Institutes of Agricultural Research (EIAR), National Bean Research Program (NBRP)

2 Introduction Doc ID Legumes are the major components of cropping system in Ethiopia Common bean are largely contributes to the national economy (commodity and employment) and as a source of food and cash income. In 2014/15, out of total land allocated for legume crops (1.5m ha), ha was allocated for common bean production (both white and red) (CSA 2015) The total production obtained was ton and this is 40.5 % of the total area and 20.7% of the total production. The average productivity Q/ha for white and Q/ha for red. 1

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4 Trend in production (t) /5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ / / /14

5 Doc ID Export volume and revenue Volume (tones) or Export FOB value ( 000USD) / / / / / /14 Volume (tones) Export(FOB value, 000'USD) Figure 1: Export volume of white pea bean (tons) and Export FOB value (000 USD) (Source: EPOSPEA, 2015) 4

6 Doc ID Introduction Although the crop is significantly contribute to the income of the farmers and the national economy, there are yield gaps because of several production constraints. Among the major constraints, diseases are playing the major role CBB, ALS, WB, Rust, HB and FLS and BCMV are the major diseases identified to cause yield reduction in Ethiopia (Habtu, 1987). Causing yield loss % in different agro ecology 5

7 Doc ID Major diseases and their occurrence SH1/SH2/M1/H1-2(Southern zone). The southern zone that consists of Sidama, Wolaita and Gofa zone CBB, HB, rust, ALS and Anth. are common A2/SM1/SH2/M2 (Eastern zone). The eastern zone constitute mainly of the Hararghe highlands and lowlands CBB and Rust are major diseases 6

8 Doc ID Major diseases and their occurrence SH1/SH2/H2 Western zone). This includes Wellega, Jima, and llubabur which account for 17.6% of land area occupied by lowland pulses. CBB, ALS, Anth., WB, Rust, HB and AsB are common 7

9 Doc ID Major M1(North western zone). This includes Benishangul Gumze and Parts of Hawi zone CBB, ALS, WB, HB and AsB are common SM1/SM2 (Northern zone). This includes Wolo, South Tigray and Gojam areas CBB, is the major one 8

10 Locations of bean research centres Key 1 Melkassa 2 Areka 3 Awassa 4 Jima 5 Bako 6 Gambella 7 Adet 8 Alamata 9 Sirinka 10 D/Berhan 11Haramaya 12 Ambo 13 Pawe 14 Mieso 15 Yabelo 16 Asossa 17 Sinana 18 Jijiga 15

11 Doc ID Host resistance as strategy of mgmt. Cultivar resistance is the most effective strategy, and is pivotal to all other control measures High levels of resistance would minimize yield losses, reduce use of chemicals and production costs, and facilitate integrated disease management and the production and distribution of pathogen-free seed. Lack of high level of disease resistance in common bean has contributed to the difficulty of controlling CBB worldwide (Gilbertson and Maxwell, 1992). Efforts to develop bean varieties highly resistant to CBB with acceptable quality and other desirable characteristics have been very challenging (CIAT, 1998). 10

12 Doc ID Research attempts and achievements Introduction of germplasms of different market classes Testing across different agro ecologies in which different diseases are prevailing Targeting their reaction against the major diseases as top parameters Multiple disease resistance So far 58 varieties released under different market, most of them are resistant to one or more diseases 11

13 Improved small white pea bean varieties currently under production Awash 1 Awash Melka Argane Chore

14 Some of improved common bean varieties of different market classes that can be used for food as well as export market Dimtu Nasser Dinknesh Batu Dame ACOS Red

15 Research attempts and achievements Doc ID Official Name Local Name Year of release Yield (T/ha) Resistant/tolerant to Roba-1 Roba Anth, ALS and CBB G-2816 Gofta CBB, and Rust GLPX 92 Ayenew CBB and Rust PAN-182 Awash Melka Anth, rust and CBB ICS Gobe Rasha ALS Dicta-105 Nasir Anth, rust and CBB Tibe Anth, ALS and CBB EMP-376 Anger ALS XAN-310 Dinknesh/ Bobe-red Anth and Rust RAB-484 Melka Dima Anth, rust and CBB STTT Chore Anth, rust and CBB G-843 Haramaya CBB and Rust STTT Chercher CBB and rust VAX-2 Gabisa CBB SUG131 Deme Anth, ALS and CBB SNNPR-120 Hawassa Dume ALS, CBB, HB AFR-716 Loko ALS and Anth Fedis CBB Babile CBB and Rust Hirna CBB and Rust KAT-B1 Ada CBB KATB69 Dandesu CBB Awash-2 Awash Rust SER-125 SER CBB, ALS, Rust and HB 14

16 Doc ID Research attempts and achievements Different research reports and publications have been reported EMP-233, EMP-212, G-10843, DICTA-65 are identified to be resistant to ALS (Fikre and Abush-2005) The three year research at Haramaya University identified multiple disease resistant common bean materials and cultivars The research identified 26 genotypes are resistant to three major diseases (CBB, ALS and Anth.) prevailed in the area (Fininsa and Tefera 2010) Out of which two of the are released (resistant to ALS and 15 moderately tolerant to CBB)

17 Research attempts and achievements Doc ID Three research activities 1. Evaluation of introduced entries for CBB and other disease tolerance /resistance 2. Evaluation of introduced entries for ALS and other diseases tolerance /resistance 3. Crossing of commercial cultivar (Awash-1) with VAX-2 and VAX-3 16

18 Research attempts and achievements Doc ID Two sets of germplasms have been received from CIAT, Colombia One set: for ALS resistance Second set: is for CBB resistance Tested at Nursery level at Melkassa and 16 (ALS) and 25 (25) best performing lines are identified for tested across hot spots 17

19 Research attempts and achievements Doc ID No Genotype Yield (kg/ha) CBB ALS Anthracnose Areka Metu Bako Mean Areka Metu Bako Mean Arek a Metu Bako Mean Metu Bako 1 MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB Nasir Mean Muea n 18

20 Research attempts and achievements Doc ID No Genotype Mlk Mie HU Yield CBB ALS Srk Jm Ass Mea n Mlk Srk Ass Mea n 1 SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SMC SMC SMC SMC SMC SMC SMC SMC ICABUNSI Cr ICABUNSI Cr Navey line Awash Melka Chercher Jm HU Mea n 19

21 Doc ID Research attempts and achievements Crossing has between Awash-1 (small white and popular) as female parent and VAX-3 as male parent to improve the resistance of Awash-1 to CBB. 467 sergeant population has been obtained In 2014 cropping season, the F-2:6 populations have been evaluated under Melkassa condition for the reaction to CBB. Awash Melka was used as resistant check and Mexican- 142 was susceptible check 20

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24 Doc ID Research attempts and achievements Level Number of lines Yield advantage over checks Susceptible (above 7) 125 Intermediate/tolerant (4-5) 300 less than susceptible checks up to 21% compared to susceptible Resistant (2-3) 42 More than 21-57% 23

25 Doc ID Future direction Evaluation of introduced and targeted germplasms for different diseases prevailing in different agro ecologies Study of diversity for both host (beans) and pathogens (phenotyping and genotyping (molecular bases) Identification of source of resistance for further utilization Creating variability using sources of resistance for different diseases 24

26 Doc ID Challenges Facilities: screening houses, green houses, laboratory facilities Techniques and skills: basic molecular level research Source of resistance: for some diseases 25

27 Thank you!