Biopolymers. Sustainable Films and Coatings. New Materials for WILEY. Editor. David Plackett. Technical University of Denmark Roskilde Denmark

Transcription

1 Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings Editor David Plackett Rise National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Technical University of Denmark Roskilde Denmark WILEY AJohn Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

2 Contents Preface xiii About the Editor xv List of Contributors xvii PARTI 1 1 Introductory Overview 3 David Plackett 1.1 Introduction Worldwide Markets for Films and Coatings Total Polymer Production and Use Total Production and Use of Plastic Films Coatings Sustainability Bio-Derived Polymers Other Topics 12 References 13 2 Production, Chemistry and Degradation of Starch-Based Polymers 15 Anatta Vazquez, Maria Laura Foresti and Viviana Cyras 2.1 Introduction Gelatinization Effect of Gelatinization Process and Plasticizer on Starch Properties Retrogradation Production of Starch-Polymer Blends Biodegradation of Starch-Based Polymers Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement 39 References 39

3 vi CONTENTS 3 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Polylactides 43 Anders Sbdergard and Saara Inkinen 3.1 Introduction Production of Polylactides Lactic Acid and its Production Production Methods for Polylactide Polylactide Chemistry Tacticity Molecular Weight and its Distribution Conversion and Yield Copolymerization Characterization of Lactic Acid Derivatives and Polymers Properties of Polylactides Processability Thermal Stability Hydrolytic Stability Thermal Transitions and Crystallinity of PLA Barrier and Other Properties Concluding Remarks 59 References 60 4 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 65 Eric Pollet and Luc Averous 4.1 Introduction Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthesis Background Bacterial Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Genetically Modified Organisms Chemical Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Polyhydroxyalkanoate Structure and Mechanical Properties Polyhydroxyalkanoate Crystallinity and Characteristic Temperatures Polyhydroxyalkanoate Degradation Hydrolytic Degradation of PHAs Biodegradation of PHAs Thermal Degradation of PHAs PHA-Based Multiphase Materials Generalities PHA Plasticization PHA Blends PHA-Based Multilayers PHA Biocomposites PHA-Based Nano-Biocomposites Production and Commercial Products 81 References 82

4 Industrial CONTENTS vii 5 Chitosan for Film and Coating Applications 87 Patricia Fernandez-Saiz and Jose M. Lagaron 5.1 Introduction Physical and Chemical Characterization of Chitosan Degree of N-acetylation Molecular Weight Solvent and Solution Properties Properties and Applications of Chitosan Waste/Effluent Water Purification Cosmetics Fat Trapping Agent Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: Controlled Drug Release, Tissue Engineering Antimicrobial Properties and Active Packaging Applications Agriculture Biosensors - Membrane Bioreactors and Functional Food Processes Other Applications of Chitosan-Based Materials in the Food Industry Processing of Chitosan Concluding Remarks 98 References 99 6 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Proteins 107 Mikael G'dllstedt, Mikael S. Hedenqvist and Hasan Ture Introduction 107 Plant-Based Proteins Rapeseed Wheat Gluten Corn Zein Soy Protein Kafirin (Grain Sorghum) Oat Avenin Rice Bran Protein (RBP) Lupin Cottonseed Proteins Peanut Protein 113 Animal-Based Proteins Whey Protein Casein Egg White Keratin Collagen Gelatin Myofibrillar Proteins 116

5 an viii CONTENTS Solution Casting of Proteins Overview Solvent Casting Procedures Importance of ph Drying Conditions Viscosity Importance of Temperature Selection of Solvent Plasticizers for Protein Films and Coatings Proteins as Coatings and in Composites "Water Sensitivity of Protein Films Dry Forming of Protein Films Compression Moulding Properties of Compression-Moulded Protein-Based Films Extrusion and Injection Moulding Concluding Remarks 128 References Synthesis, Chemistry and Properties of Hemicelluloses 133 Ann-Christine Albertsson, Ulrica Edlund and Indra K, Varma 7.1 Introduction Structure Sources Species Distribution Co-Constituents Extraction Methodology Modifications Esterification Etherification Miscellaneous Treatments Applications Concluding Remarks 147 References Production, Chemistry and Properties of Cellulose-Based Materials 151 Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Alessandro Gandini 8.1 Introduction Pristine Cellulose as a Source of New Materials All-Cellulose Composites Cellulose Nano-Objects Model Cellulose Films Novel Cellulose Solvents Cellulose-Based Composites and Superficial Fiber Modification Composites with Pristine Fibers Superficial Fiber Modification Cellulose Coupled with Nanoparticles Electronic Applications 172

6 CONTENTS ix 8.7 Biomedical Applications Cellulose Derivatives Concluding Remarks 174 References Furan Monomers and their Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 179 Alessandro Gandini 9.1 Introduction Precursors and Monomers Polymers Chain-Growth Systems Step-Growth Systems The Application of the Diels-Alder Reaction to Furan Polymers Biodegradability of Furan Polymers Concluding Remarks 206 References 206 PART H Food Packaging Applications of Biopolymer-Based Films 213 N. Gontard, H. Angellier-Coussy, P. Chalier, E. Gastaldi, V. Guillard, C. Guillaume and S. Peyron 10.1 Introduction Food Packaging Material Specifications Functional Properties Safety Issues Environmental Aspects Examples of Biopolymer Applications for Food Packaging Materials Short Shelf-Life Fresh Food Packaging Long Shelf-Life Dry or Liquid Food Packaging Research Directions and Perspectives Improving/Modulating Functional Properties Active Biopolymer Packaging Improving Safety and Stability Towards an Integrated Approach for Biopolymer-Based Food Packaging Development Concluding Remarks 227 References Biopolymers for Edible Films and Coatings in Food Applications 233 Idoya Fernandez-Pan and Juan Ignacio Matt Caballero 11.1 Introduction Materials for Edible Films and Coatings Protein-Based Films and Coatings 237

7 x CONTENTS Polysaccharide-Based Films and Coatings Lipid-Based Films and Coatings Composite/Multilayer Films Additives Edible Films and Coatings for Food Applications Edible Coatings on Fruit and Vegetables Edible Films and Coatings on Meat and Poultry Edible Films and Coatings on Foods with Low Water Content Edible Coatings on Deep Fat Frying Foods Concluding Remarks 247 References Biopolymer Coatings for Paper and Paperboard 255 Christian Aulin and Tom Lindstrbm 12.1 Introduction Biopolymer Films and Coatings Starches Chitosan Hemicelluloses Cellulose Derivatives Bio-Nanocomposite Films and Coatings Nano-Sized Clay Nanocellulose Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement 272 References Agronomic Potential of Biopolymer Films 277 Lluis Martin-Closas and Ana M. Pelacho 13.1 Introduction The Potential Role of Biodegradable Materials in Agricultural Films Presently Available Biopolymers and Biocomposites Past and Current International Projects on Biodegradable Agricultural Films Present Applications of Biopolymer Films in Agriculture Overview Biodegradable Mulching Potential Uses: Current Limitations and Future Applications Solarization with Biodegradable Films Biodegradable Low Tunnels Fruit Protecting Bags Future Biodegradable Film Applications Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements 296 References 297

8 CONTENTS xi 14 Functionalized Biopolymer Films and Coatings for Advanced Applications 301 David Plackett and Vimal Katiyar 14.1 Introduction Optoelectronics Photovoltaics Other Optoelectronic Devices Sensors Chemical Sensors Biosensors Miscellaneous Applications Concluding Remarks 312 References Summary and Future Perspectives 317 David Plackett 15.1 Introduction Bioplastics Bio-Thermoset Resins Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanofillers Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Nanofillers Concluding Remarks 322 References 322 Index 325