Lecture 5: Inbreeding and Allozymes. Sept 1, 2006
|
|
- Jocelyn Hawkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lecture 5: Inbreeding and Allozymes Sept 1, 2006
2 Last Time Tandem repeats and recombination Organellar DNA Introduction to DNA in populations
3 Organelle Inheritance Organelles can be excluded from one parent's gametes during gametogenesis, fertilization, or post-fertilization (Birky 2001: Annu. Rev. Genet. 35: 125) Sutovsky et al, Biol Reprod Aug;63(2): Mammals: postfertilization. Mitochondria labeled with ubiquitin, targeted by lysozymes in oocyte cytoplasm
4 Today More DNA in populations Allozymes!
5 Expected Heterozygosity Expected Heterozygosity (H E ): a measure of the diversity of a population, assuming H-W 2pq for 2-allele, 1 locus system OR 1-(p 2 + q 2 ) or 1-Σ(expected homozygosity) more general: what s left over after calculating expected homozygosity
6 Partitioning of Diversity H E depends on how you define populations Separate Subpopulations: H S = 2pq = 2(1)(0) 2(0.5)(0.5) = 0 = 0.5 Merged Merged Subpopulations: Subpopulations: H T = T 2pq 2pq = 2(0.5)(0.5) 2(0.5)(0.5) = H T ALWAYS increases when randomlymating subpopulations are merged: Wahlund Effect This effect is quantified by the Fixation Index of Subpopulations: (F ST ) F ST = (H T -H S )/H T =(0.5-0)/0.5 =( )/0.5 = 1= 0
7 What Controls Differentiation of Populations? Mutation + Drift + +/- Selection F ST - Migration BALANCE among 4 major evolutionary forces
8 Inbreeding Coefficient Measure of Hardy-Weinberg deviations at the level of individuals Inbreeding: the fractional reduction of heterozygosity relative to a randommating population with the same allele frequencies F = (H E -H O )/H E where H O is observed Heterozygosity Question: When would F be negative?
9 Indentity by State vs Identity by Descent Alternative interpretation of inbreeding coefficient is probability that two alleles at a locus of an individual are identical by descent Alleles that look the same but have different evolutionary history are Identical by State: Homoplasy
10 Inbreeding Depression Reduced fitness of inbred offspring in normally outbred organisms Exposure of recessive deleterious alleles: example of Scandinavian Wolves Aa AA Inbreeding depression in Scandinavian wolves Liberg et al. 2005: Biology Letters 1:17-20 AA Aa Aa aa
11 Heterosis and Overdominance Flip side of inbreeding depression: heterosis: superior fitness of heterozygous individuals Overdominance is possible explanation Enhanced fitness of heterozygote due to pleiotropy (one gene affects multiple traits): differentiation of allele functions Bypass homeostasis/regulation Overdominance
12 Linkage Disequilibrium Tendency for physically linked loci to be inherited together Calculated from covariance between alleles at different loci Phenotypes will also co-vary in populations LD can be caused by inbreeding, bottlenecks, drift, suppressed recombination Are effects of heterozygous loci due to the loci themselves, or linked loci? Ldh
13 Allozymes
14 Primary Protein Structure Composed of chains of amino acids Basic and acid amino acids lend positive or negative charge to proteins Charge depends on ph of solution: low ph means positive charge for basic groups, no charge for acidic groups Lodish et al. 2004
15 Lodish et al Secondary and Tertiary Protein Structure Proteins fold into complex threedimensional secondary and tertiary structures Proteins often comprise multimeric units (quaternary structure) consisting of identical or different component polypeptides Lactate Dehydrogenase Dym et al 2000: PNAS 97:
16 Isozymes and Allozymes Mutations can cause differences in basic and acidic amino acid composition, but no change in enzyme function Small changes in primary structure can alter secondary and quaternary structure Isozymes: different forms of an enzyme Sometimes specifically refers to enzymes coded by different loci: not here! Allozymes: Allelic isozymes: different forms of an enzyme that are coded at the same locus
17 Electrophoresis Create a gel: matrix with pores through which electrolyte solution and molecules can flow Anode and cathode creates electric field Molecules move according to amount of charge and size Hydrolyzed potato starch most common for isozymes
18 Detection Isozymes dected based on enzyme action Stain contains substrate for enzyme, cofactors, and oxidized salt (dye) Lactate Dehydrogenase: Lactic Acid (substrate) NADH (cofactor) phenazine methosulfate (catalyst) Nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT: dye) Lactic Acid -> Pyruvic Acid + e - NBT + e - -> blue precipitate Resulting pattern is zymogram
19 Zymogram Interpretation Complicated by quaternary structures of proteins Predictable banding patterns for single loci: intensity proportional to number of combinations Multiple interacting loci more complex Murphy, R.W., J.W. Sites, Jr., D.G. Buth, and C.H. Haufler Proteins: Isozyme electrophoresis. Chapter 4, pp , in: D.M. Hillis C. Moritz and B. K. Mable (eds.). Molecular Systematics, 2nd ed. Sinauer Assoc. Inc., Sunderland, Mass
20 Typical Allozyme Characteristics Allozymes are usually codominant: readily distinguish heterozygotes from homozygotes "Null alleles" do occur Moderate to low levels of polymorphism 2 to 5 alleles per locus, with one dominant allele Low H E Commonly fixed (monomorphic) within species, polymorphic between species
21 Advantages of Allozymes Cheap and relatively easy Readily interpreted Direct link to genes and genome locations Simple to extend to uncharacterized species: 'Anonymous' marker
22 Disadvantages of Allozymes Low polymorphism, much hidden genetic variation Limited numbers of loci: ~100 is maximum; usually Evolutionary relationships among alleles unclear: uncoupled from genetic mutations Selection?
23 Allozyme Applications Excellent for studies of genetic structure of populations: F ST Studies of hybridization: fixed differences between species common Polyploidy: easier to deconvolute genotypes than for other markers Heterosis and inbreeding depression
24 Example: Detection of Hybridization by Allozymes Hybridization in Crysopteris ferns TxF T F Allozymes (PGI2) confirm hybrid origin of Crysopteris fragilis x tenuis
25 Next Time Literature Discussion: Allozymes, neutrality, and heterozygosity-fitness correlations (Rachel and John)
A Primer of Ecological Genetics
A Primer of Ecological Genetics Jeffrey K. Conner Michigan State University Daniel L. Hartl Harvard University Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. Contents Preface xi Acronyms,
More informationVariation Chapter 9 10/6/2014. Some terms. Variation in phenotype can be due to genes AND environment: Is variation genetic, environmental, or both?
Frequency 10/6/2014 Variation Chapter 9 Some terms Genotype Allele form of a gene, distinguished by effect on phenotype Haplotype form of a gene, distinguished by DNA sequence Gene copy number of copies
More informationLecture 10: Introduction to Genetic Drift. September 28, 2012
Lecture 10: Introduction to Genetic Drift September 28, 2012 Announcements Exam to be returned Monday Mid-term course evaluation Class participation Office hours Last Time Transposable Elements Dominance
More informationConifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project
Conifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project Genomics in Tree Breeding and Forest Ecosystem Management ----- Module 3 Population Genetics Nicholas Wheeler & David Harry Oregon
More informationExam 1, Fall 2012 Grade Summary. Points: Mean 95.3 Median 93 Std. Dev 8.7 Max 116 Min 83 Percentage: Average Grade Distribution:
Exam 1, Fall 2012 Grade Summary Points: Mean 95.3 Median 93 Std. Dev 8.7 Max 116 Min 83 Percentage: Average 79.4 Grade Distribution: Name: BIOL 464/GEN 535 Population Genetics Fall 2012 Test # 1, 09/26/2012
More information5/18/2017. Genotypic, phenotypic or allelic frequencies each sum to 1. Changes in allele frequencies determine gene pool composition over generations
Topics How to track evolution allele frequencies Hardy Weinberg principle applications Requirements for genetic equilibrium Types of natural selection Population genetic polymorphism in populations, pp.
More informationEdexcel (B) Biology A-level
Edexcel (B) Biology A-level Topic 8: Origins of Genetic Variation Notes Meiosis is reduction division. The main role of meiosis is production of haploid gametes as cells produced by meiosis have half the
More informationWhy do we need statistics to study genetics and evolution?
Why do we need statistics to study genetics and evolution? 1. Mapping traits to the genome [Linkage maps (incl. QTLs), LOD] 2. Quantifying genetic basis of complex traits [Concordance, heritability] 3.
More informationb. less precise, but more efficient at detecting variation
I. Proteins A. Electrophoretic detection 1. SDS PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a. denaturing conditions b. separation by size (MW) 2. Isoelectric focusing a. ph gradient b. separation by charge
More informationPopulation Genetics. If we closely examine the individuals of a population, there is almost always PHENOTYPIC
1 Population Genetics How Much Genetic Variation exists in Natural Populations? Phenotypic Variation If we closely examine the individuals of a population, there is almost always PHENOTYPIC VARIATION -
More informationLecture 5: Genetic Variation and Inbreeding. September 7, 2012
Lecture 5: Genetic Variation and Inbreeding September 7, 01 Announcements I will be out of town Thursday Sept 0 through Sunday, Sept 4 No office hours Friday, Sept 1: Prof. Hawkins will give a guest lecture
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
The Evolution of Populations What you need to know How and reproduction each produce genetic. The conditions for equilibrium. How to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allelic and to test whether
More informationChapter 25 Population Genetics
Chapter 25 Population Genetics Population Genetics -- the discipline within evolutionary biology that studies changes in allele frequencies. Population -- a group of individuals from the same species that
More informationRandom Allelic Variation
Random Allelic Variation AKA Genetic Drift Genetic Drift a non-adaptive mechanism of evolution (therefore, a theory of evolution) that sometimes operates simultaneously with others, such as natural selection
More informationHow Populations Evolve. Chapter 15
How Populations Evolve Chapter 15 Populations Evolve Biological evolution does not change individuals It changes a population Traits in a population vary among individuals Evolution is change in frequency
More informationUniversity of York Department of Biology B. Sc Stage 2 Degree Examinations
Examination Candidate Number: Desk Number: University of York Department of Biology B. Sc Stage 2 Degree Examinations 2016-17 Evolutionary and Population Genetics Time allowed: 1 hour and 30 minutes Total
More informationDistinguishing Among Sources of Phenotypic Variation in Populations
Population Genetics Distinguishing Among Sources of Phenotypic Variation in Populations Discrete vs. continuous Genotype or environment (nature vs. nurture) Phenotypic variation - Discrete vs. Continuous
More informationTEST FORM A. 2. Based on current estimates of mutation rate, how many mutations in protein encoding genes are typical for each human?
TEST FORM A Evolution PCB 4673 Exam # 2 Name SSN Multiple Choice: 3 points each 1. The horseshoe crab is a so-called living fossil because there are ancient species that looked very similar to the present-day
More informationPapers for 11 September
Papers for 11 September v Kreitman M (1983) Nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol-dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 304, 412-417. v Hishimoto et al. (2010) Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase
More informationAn Introduction to Population Genetics
An Introduction to Population Genetics THEORY AND APPLICATIONS f 2 A (1 ) E 1 D [ ] = + 2M ES [ ] fa fa = 1 sf a Rasmus Nielsen Montgomery Slatkin Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts
More informationPark /12. Yudin /19. Li /26. Song /9
Each student is responsible for (1) preparing the slides and (2) leading the discussion (from problems) related to his/her assigned sections. For uniformity, we will use a single Powerpoint template throughout.
More information1) (15 points) Next to each term in the left-hand column place the number from the right-hand column that best corresponds:
1) (15 points) Next to each term in the left-hand column place the number from the right-hand column that best corresponds: natural selection 21 1) the component of phenotypic variance not explained by
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More information7-1. Read this exercise before you come to the laboratory. Review the lecture notes from October 15 (Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium)
7-1 Biology 1001 Lab 7: POPULATION GENETICS PREPARTION Read this exercise before you come to the laboratory. Review the lecture notes from October 15 (Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium) OBECTIVES At the end of
More informationGENETICS - CLUTCH CH.21 POPULATION GENETICS.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HARDY-WEINBERG Hardy-Weinberg is a formula used to measure the frequencies of and genotypes in a population Allelic frequencies are the frequency of alleles in a population
More informationEvolution of Populations (Ch. 17)
Evolution of Populations (Ch. 17) Doonesbury - Sunday February 8, 2004 Beak depth of Beak depth Where does Variation come from? Mutation Wet year random changes to DNA errors in gamete production Dry year
More informationGenetic Variation. Genetic Variation within Populations. Population Genetics. Darwin s Observations
Genetic Variation within Populations Population Genetics Darwin s Observations Genetic Variation Underlying phenotypic variation is genetic variation. The potential for genetic variation in individuals
More informationHardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Gregor Mendel Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Lectures 4-11: Mechanisms of Evolution (Microevolution) Hardy Weinberg Principle (Mendelian Inheritance) Genetic Drift Mutation Sex: Recombination and Random Mating
More informationWhat is genetic variation?
enetic Variation Applied Computational enomics, Lecture 05 https://github.com/quinlan-lab/applied-computational-genomics Aaron Quinlan Departments of Human enetics and Biomedical Informatics USTAR Center
More informationMapping and Mapping Populations
Mapping and Mapping Populations Types of mapping populations F 2 o Two F 1 individuals are intermated Backcross o Cross of a recurrent parent to a F 1 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs; F 2 -derived lines)
More informationPopGen1: Introduction to population genetics
PopGen1: Introduction to population genetics Introduction MICROEVOLUTION is the term used to describe the dynamics of evolutionary change in populations and species over time. The discipline devoted to
More informationConservation Genetics Population Genetics: Diversity within versus among populations
Conservation Genetics : Diversity within versus among populations Exercise James Gibbs Reproduction of this material is authorized by the recipient institution for nonprofit/non-commercial educational
More informationThe Modern Synthesis. Terms and Concepts. Evolutionary Processes. I. Introduction: Where do we go from here? What do these things have in common?
Evolutionary Processes I. Introduction - The modern synthesis Reading: Chap. 25 II. No evolution: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium A. Population genetics B. Assumptions of H-W III. Causes of microevolution (forces
More informationBiology Evolution Dr. Kilburn, page 1 Mutation and genetic variation
Biology 203 - Evolution Dr. Kilburn, page 1 In this unit, we will look at the mechanisms of evolution, largely at the population scale. Our primary focus will be on natural selection, but we will also
More informationb. (3 points) The expected frequencies of each blood type in the deme if mating is random with respect to variation at this locus.
NAME EXAM# 1 1. (15 points) Next to each unnumbered item in the left column place the number from the right column/bottom that best corresponds: 10 additive genetic variance 1) a hermaphroditic adult develops
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations.
POPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. DARWINIAN EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Many more individuals are born
More informationPopulation genetics. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution How/Why?
Population genetics 1.Definition of microevolution 2.Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 3.Hardy-Weinberg equation where it comes from and what it means 4.The five conditions for equilibrium in more
More informationCHAPTER 12 MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 12 MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION 12.1 Genetic Variation DNA biological code for inheritable traits GENES units of DNA molecule in a chromosome LOCI location of specific gene on DNA molecules DIPLOID
More informationCS273B: Deep Learning in Genomics and Biomedicine. Recitation 1 30/9/2016
CS273B: Deep Learning in Genomics and Biomedicine. Recitation 1 30/9/2016 Topics Genetic variation Population structure Linkage disequilibrium Natural disease variants Genome Wide Association Studies Gene
More informationLecture 23: Causes and Consequences of Linkage Disequilibrium. November 16, 2012
Lecture 23: Causes and Consequences of Linkage Disequilibrium November 16, 2012 Last Time Signatures of selection based on synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions Multiple loci and independent segregation
More information5 FINGERS OF EVOLUTION
MICROEVOLUTION Student Packet SUMMARY EVOLUTION IS A CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population over time. NATURAL SELECTION
More informationReview. Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory. Genetic drift. Evolutionary force that removes genetic variation
Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory Carlo Lapid Sep., 202 Review Genetic drift Evolutionary force that removes genetic variation from a population Strength is inversely proportional to the effective
More informationLecture 12: Effective Population Size and Gene Flow. October 5, 2012
Lecture 12: Effective Population Size and Gene Flow October 5, 2012 Last Time Interactions of drift and selection Effective population size Today Effective population size calculations Historical importance
More informationAlgorithms for Genetics: Introduction, and sources of variation
Algorithms for Genetics: Introduction, and sources of variation Scribe: David Dean Instructor: Vineet Bafna 1 Terms Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual. For example, we may refer to an individual
More informationThis is DUE: Tuesday, March 1, 2011 Come prepared to share your findings with your group.
Biology 160 NAME: Reading Guide 12: Population Dynamics, Humans, Part II This is DUE: Tuesday, March 1, 2011 Come prepared to share your findings with your group. *As before, please turn in only the Critical
More informationMidterm 1 Results. Midterm 1 Akey/ Fields Median Number of Students. Exam Score
Midterm 1 Results 10 Midterm 1 Akey/ Fields Median - 69 8 Number of Students 6 4 2 0 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 Exam Score Quick review of where we left off Parental type: the
More informationConifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project
Conifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project Genomics in Tree Breeding and Forest Ecosystem Management ----- Module 2 Genes, Genomes, and Mendel Nicholas Wheeler & David Harry
More informationName Class Date. a. identify similarities and
Chapter 13 enetic Engineering Chapter Test A Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Selective breeding produces a. more offspring.
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Microevolution The Evolution of Populations C H A P T E R 2 3 Change in allele frequencies over generations Three mechanisms cause allele frequency change: Natural selection (leads to adaptation) Genetic
More informationSummary for BIOSTAT/STAT551 Statistical Genetics II: Quantitative Traits
Summary for BIOSTAT/STAT551 Statistical Genetics II: Quantitative Traits Gained an understanding of the relationship between a TRAIT, GENETICS (single locus and multilocus) and ENVIRONMENT Theoretical
More informationPopulation Genetics. Ben Hecht CRITFC Genetics Training December 11, 2013
Population Genetics http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/simulations/drift.html Ben Hecht CRITFC Genetics Training December 11, 2013 1 Population Genetics The study of how populations change genetically over time
More informationConcepts: What are RFLPs and how do they act like genetic marker loci?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) -1 Readings: Griffiths et al: 7th Edition: Ch. 12 pp. 384-386; Ch.13 pp404-407 8th Edition: pp. 364-366 Assigned Problems: 8th Ch. 11: 32, 34, 38-39 7th
More informationWeek 7 - Natural Selection and Genetic Variation for Allozymes
Week 7 - Natural Selection and Genetic Variation for Allozymes Introduction In today's laboratory exercise, we will explore the potential for natural selection to cause evolutionary change, and we will
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations
More information2013 Assessment Report. Biology Level 2
National Certificate of Educational Achievement 2013 Assessment Report Biology Level 2 91156 Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level 91157 Demonstrate understanding of genetic
More informationReview Quizzes Chapters 11-16
Review Quizzes Chapters 11-16 1. In pea plants, the allele for smooth seeds (S) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled seeds (s). In an experiment, when two hybrids are crossed, what percent of the offspring
More informationREVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned:
Period Date REVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: 1. Darwin s Principle of Natural Selection a. Variation individuals within a population possess
More informationGenotype AA Aa aa Total N ind We assume that the order of alleles in Aa does not play a role. The genotypic frequencies follow as
N µ s m r - - - - Genetic variation - From genotype frequencies to allele frequencies The last lecture focused on mutation as the ultimate process introducing genetic variation into populations. We have
More informationAP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab
AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab In 1908 G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggested a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes in the frequency of alleles in a population
More informationJanuary 6, 2005 Bio 107/207 Winter 2005 Lecture 2 Measurement of genetic diversity
January 6, 2005 Bio 107/207 Winter 2005 Lecture 2 Measurement of genetic diversity - in his 1974 book The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, Richard Lewontin likened the field of population genetics
More informationObserving Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition
More informationmrna for protein translation
Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 5 (March 5, 2010), Genetic Drift and Migration Mutation What is mutation? Changes in the coding sequence Changes in gene regulation, or how the genes are expressed as amino
More informationGen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce
Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency
More informationLAB ACTIVITY ONE POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017
OVERVIEW In this lab you will: 1. learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, and 2. study the relationship between evolution and changes in allele frequency by using your class to represent
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 4
POPULATION GENETICS Evolution Lectures 4 POPULATION GENETICS The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. Population: A freely interbreeding
More informationGenetic variation, genetic drift (summary of topics)
Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2007 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #11 -- Hardy Weinberg departures: genetic variation
More informationQuestions we are addressing. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
Factors causing genotype frequency changes or evolutionary principles Selection = variation in fitness; heritable Mutation = change in DNA of genes Migration = movement of genes across populations Vectors
More informationIntroduction Genetics in Human Society The Universality of Genetic Principles Model Organisms Organizing the Study of Genetics The Concept of the
Introduction Genetics in Human Society The Universality of Genetic Principles Model Organisms Organizing the Study of Genetics The Concept of the Gene Genetic Analysis Molecular Foundations of Genetics
More informationTwo-locus models. Two-locus models. Two-locus models. Two-locus models. Consider two loci, A and B, each with two alleles:
The human genome has ~30,000 genes. Drosophila contains ~10,000 genes. Bacteria contain thousands of genes. Even viruses contain dozens of genes. Clearly, one-locus models are oversimplifications. Unfortunately,
More informationPopulation and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Population and Community Dynamics The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Key Terms Population: same species, same place, same time Gene: unit of heredity. Controls the expression of a trait. Can be passed to offspring.
More informationBio 80M Conservation in the Sea Threats to Genetic Diversity
Bio 80M Conservation in the Sea Threats to Genetic Diversity Outline: 1. What is genetic diversity and how do we measure it? 2. Why is genetic diversity important? 3. Threats to genetic diversity - some
More informationAnthro 101: Human Biological Evolution. Lecture 3: Genetics & Inheritance. Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj.weebly.
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 3: Genetics & Inheritance Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj@lavc.edu feldmekj.weebly.com What is Genetics??? Spend a few minutes discussing Genetics.. Genetics
More informationThe evolutionary significance of structure. Detecting and describing structure. Implications for genetic variability
Population structure The evolutionary significance of structure Detecting and describing structure Wright s F statistics Implications for genetic variability Inbreeding effects of structure The Wahlund
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 18 Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping
POPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 18 Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping - from Darwin's time onward, it has been widely recognized that natural populations harbor a considerably degree of genetic
More informationPopulation Genetics. Chapter 16
Population Genetics Chapter 16 Populations and Gene Pools Evolution is the change of genetic composition of populations over time. Microevolution is change within species which can occur over dozens of
More informationGENES IN POPULATIONS and MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE Peter D'Eustachio
GENES IN POPULATIONS and MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE Peter D'Eustachio GOALS OF THIS SEGMENT OF THE COURSE Understand the use of the Hardy-Weinberg equation to relate allele and genotype frequencies in
More informationB. Incorrect! 64% is all non-mm types, including both MN and NN. C. Incorrect! 84% is all non-nn types, including MN and MM types.
Genetics Problem Drill 23: Population Genetics No. 1 of 10 1. For Polynesians of Easter Island, the population has MN blood group; Type M and type N are homozygotes and type MN is the heterozygous allele.
More informationB) You can conclude that A 1 is identical by descent. Notice that A2 had to come from the father (and therefore, A1 is maternal in both cases).
Homework questions. Please provide your answers on a separate sheet. Examine the following pedigree. A 1,2 B 1,2 A 1,3 B 1,3 A 1,2 B 1,2 A 1,2 B 1,3 1. (1 point) The A 1 alleles in the two brothers are
More informationIntroduction to Quantitative Genetics
Introduction to Quantitative Genetics Fourth Edition D. S. Falconer Trudy F. C. Mackay PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION ix x xi xiii f GENETIC CONSTITUTION
More informationStatistical Methods for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping
Statistical Methods for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping Lectures 4 Oct 10, 011 CSE 57 Computational Biology, Fall 011 Instructor: Su-In Lee TA: Christopher Miles Monday & Wednesday 1:00-1:0 Johnson
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS studies the genetic. It includes the study of forces that induce evolution (the
POPULATION GENETICS POPULATION GENETICS studies the genetic composition of populations and how it changes with time. It includes the study of forces that induce evolution (the change of the genetic constitution)
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
The Evolution of Populations Population genetics Population: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species Species: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed
More information1) Genetic Drift. Genetic Drift - population with stable size ~ 10
1) Genetic Drift Flip a coin 1000 times 700 heads and 300 tails very suspicious. Flip a coin 10 times 7 heads and 3 tails well within the bounds of possibility. 700 7 300 3 The smaller the sample, the
More informationPopulation Genetics (Learning Objectives)
Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Define the terms population, species, allelic and genotypic frequencies, gene pool, and fixed allele, genetic drift, bottle-neck effect, founder effect. Explain
More informationAnthro 101: Human Biological Evolution. Lecture 3: Genetics & Inheritance. Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj.weebly.
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 3: Genetics & Inheritance Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj@lavc.edu feldmekj.weebly.com What is Genetics??? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.
More informationof heritable factor ). 1. The alternative versions of genes are called alleles. Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 9 Biology and Society: Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment: Dogs Patterns of Inheritance People have selected and mated dogs with preferred traits for more than 15,000 years. Over thousands
More informationExam Plant Genetics CSS/Hort 430/530
Exam 1 2010 Plant Genetics CSS/Hort 430/530 Barley can produce seed which is hulled or hull-less. This trait is determined by one gene, hulled being the dominant phenotype and hull-less being the recessive.
More informationEvolutionary Genetics
Evolutionary Genetics LV 25600-01 Lecture with exercises 6KP Genetic Drift 1 HS2018 A Primer of Ecological Genetics Chapter 3 - Genetic Drift - Page 52-55!2 Population tn Population tn+1 In each generation,
More informationGenetic Equilibrium: Human Diversity Student Version
Genetic Equilibrium: Human Diversity Student Version Key Concepts: A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live and breed in the same area. Alleles are alternate forms of genes. In
More information4 th Exam is Thursday, December 9. Review session will be at 5:00 PM Wednesday, December 8
4 th Exam is Thursday, December 9 Review session will be at 5:00 PM Wednesday, December 8 Final Exam Final exam will be Dec. 16, 8:00-10:00 AM Yellow Sheets: You will be allowed to put whatever you want
More informationLABORATORY 8: POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
LABORATORY 8: POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION OVERVIEW In this activity you will learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium and study the relationship between evolution and changes in
More informationLAB. POPULATION GENETICS. 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Period Date LAB. POPULATION GENETICS PRE-LAB 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 2. List and briefly explain the 5 conditions that need to be met to maintain a
More informationTile Theory of Pre-Breeding
189 Tile Theory of Pre-Breeding G. A. Smith USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58105 ABSTRACT Population changes and their dependent gene frequencies are affected
More informationHow about the genes? Biology or Genes? DNA Structure. DNA Structure DNA. Proteins. Life functions are regulated by proteins:
Biology or Genes? Biological variation Genetics This is what we think of when we say biological differences Race implies genetics Physiology Not all physiological variation is genetically mediated Tanning,
More informationBasics in Population Genetics. Teruyoshi Hishiki
Basics in Population Genetics Teruyoshi Hishiki Advanced Bioinformatics 18/Apr/2016 1 Contents An application of population genetics What are the genotypes causing G6PD deficiency that show resistance
More informationChapter 23: The Evolution of Populations. 1. Populations & Gene Pools. Populations & Gene Pools 12/2/ Populations and Gene Pools
Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations 1. Populations and Gene Pools 2. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 3. A Closer Look at Natural Selection 1. Populations & Gene Pools Chapter Reading pp. 481-484, 488-491
More informationPrinciples of Population Genetics
Principles of Population Genetics Leo P ten Kate, MD, PhD Em. Prof. of Clinical Genetics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research
More information