Optical Nanotechnologies

Transcription

1 Junji Tominaga Din P. Tsai(Eds.) Optical Nanotechnologies The Manipulation of Surface and Local Plasmons With 168 Figures Springer

2 Prof. Junji Tominaga National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Laboratory for Advanced Optical Technology (LAOTECH) Higashi Tsukuba Japan j-tominagaqaist.go.jp Prof. Din P. Tsai National Taiwan University Department of Physics Taipei Taiwan dptsai(9phys.ntu.edu.t~ Cataloging in Publication Data applied fot Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at < Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS): 73.2o.Mf, Fx, 42,65.Pc, k, Vb, b, 73.2i.b, f ISSN print edition: ISSN electronic edition: ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of Bertelsmannspringer Science+Business Media GmbH O Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: DA-TEX. Gerd Blumenstein. Cover design: design &production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper iIrnf o

3 Preface Surface and localized surface plasmons have been attractive research fields in physics and chemistry since their discovery because of their unique features. Although surface plasmons and related optics including near-field optics have a long history, unfortunately they have not been applied much to industry. The main issues to be overcome were the control and manipulation of the localized electromagnetic field confined in the nanometer region on the surface. The precise control and manipulation of the surface plasmons were not realized until scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) was invented in the 1980s. Since then, a huge amount of interesting data has been accumulated experimentally and theoretically. In particular, techniques to fabricate a nano-sized aperture at an end of an optical fiber have enabled the observation of optical images of less than 100 nm in combination with advanced SNOM technologies. In optical data storage, it is expected that the use of the optical near-field will enable the ultimate storage density in the near future. This book focuses on the application and manipulation of optical nearfield and surface plasmons. The body of this book is separated into two main parts: super-rens, which is a technique to overcome several issues in optical near-field data storage, and the basic concept for manipulating surface plasmons. The former part may orient towards optical data storage and its related new technologies including the special properties of thin films in dynamic conditions. The later part contains individual attractive approaches and characteristics in surface plasmons and localized surface plasmons. Super- RENS is the abbreviation of super-resolution near-field structure, which was invented in This technology has the potential to enable optical near-field recording free from high-speed nanometer flight of a near-field optical head. Since the invention, several attractive features generated in multilayers consisting of super-rens have been understood and their relationship with surface plasmons has been discussed. Readers who are not familiar with optical data storage technologies may not understand the contents well, but the concept of the system includes many hints for manipulating optical nearfield and surface plasmons in each research field from physics to chemistry without SNOM systems. Finally, we wish to thank Dr. Claus Ascheron for supporting our book project. We would like to especially acknowledge all the contributors to

4 VI Preface this project: Professors T. D. Milster, W.-C. Liu, U. C. Fischer, T. Fukaya, T. C. Chong, J.-J. Greffet, O. J. F. Martin, and Drs. J. H. Kim, T. Shima, T. Nakano, M. Kuwahara, L. P. Shi. Also, I would like to thank to the former members of LAOTECH, especially D. Büchel and C. Mihalcea who moved to Seagate Technology. Tsukuba and Taipei, January 2003 Junji Tominaga Din Ping Tsai

5 Contents The Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure and Its Applications Junji Tominaga The Optical Near-Field and Its Application for High-Density Data Storage Basic Principle of t. he Near-Field Optical Readout Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Recording Mark Trains and Surface Plasmons in Optical Data Storage Local Plasmon Photonic Transistor and Scattering Potential of Super-RENS in Future References Near-Field Optical Properties of Super-Resolution Near-Field Structures Din Ping Tsai Introduction Tapping-Mode Tuning-Fork Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Near-Field Imaging of the Sb-Type Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Near-Field Imaging of the Ago,. Type Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Summary References Super-RENS Media Using Alternative Recording Systems Jooho Kim Super-RENS with a Magneto-Optical Recording System Introduction Preparation Results and Discussion... 37

6 VIII Contents 2. Super-RENS with Reactive Diffusion Recording System Introduction Preparation Results and Discussion References Metal-Doped Silver Oxide Films as a Mask Layer for the Super-RENS Disk Takavuki Shima. Dorothea Biichel. Christophe Mihalcea. Jooho Kim. Nobufumi Atoda. and Junji Tominaga Introduction Silver Oxide Film Film Preparation Thermal Decomposition Process Metal-Doped Silver Oxide Film Film Preparation Thermal Decomposition Process As a Mask Laycr in the Super-RENS Disk Su~nmary References Transient Optical Properties of the Mask Layer for the Super-RENS System Toshio likaya and Dorothea Biichel Introduction Experimental Transmittance and Reflectance Versus Input Light Power Measurement of Sb Thin Films in a Microscopic Area Time Response Properties of Sb Films and AgOx Films Spectral Changes of Sb Film and AgOx Film Light Scattering Properties of AgOx Films Relation between Rayleigh and Ramarl Scattering Disclission Conclusion References A Thermal Lithography Technique Using a Minute Heat Spot of a Laser Beam for 100nm Dimension Fabrication Ailasashi Kuwahara. Christophe Miha.lcea, Nohufumi Atoda. Junji Torninaga. Hiroshi Fuji. and Takashi Kikukawa Introduction Technique... 80

7 Contents IX 3. Experiment References New Structures of the Super-Resolution Near-Field Phase-Change Optical Disk and a New Mask-Layer Material Lu Ping Shi and Tow Chong Chong Introdtlction Description of the Reading and Recording Process for the Super-RENS and the Requirements for the Mask-Layer Material and the Super-RENS Description of the Reading and Recording Process for the Super-RENS Requirements for the Mask Layer New Mask Material New Structures Theoretical Simulation Optical Simulation Thermal Simulation Fabrication of the Disk Measurement Rest~lt~s Thermal Stability Super-R.ENS Effect Possible Mechanism of the Super-RENS Conclusions References Polarization Dependence Analysis of Readout Signals of Disks with Small Pits Beyond the Resolution Limit Takashi Nakano. Hisako Fukuda. Junji Tominaga. and Takashi Kikukawa Introduction Polarization Dependence of R.eadout Signals of Super-RENS Disks Simulation Model of a Super-RENS Disk Intensity and Signal Distribution at the Exit Pupil Plane Rea.d-Out Signal Properties of a Super-RENS Disk Polarization Dependence of the Read-Out Signals of the Super-ROhl Disk Simulation Model of a Super-ROM Disk Simulation Results of a I\/lodel with 2T Pit Pattern Conclllsion References

8 X Cant ent s Signal Power in the Angular Spectrum of AgOx SuperRENS Media Tom Milster. John J. Butz. Takashi Nakano. Junji Tominaga. and Warren L. Bletscher Introduct. ion Signal Power in the Angular Spectrum Simulation Scalar Model Configuration Scalar Results in Reflection Scalar Results in Transmissio~l FDTD Results in Reflection Experimental Procedure Experimental Results Conclusio~ls References Super-Resolution Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Ulrich C. Fischer. Jorg Heimel. Hans-Jiirgen Maas. Harald Fuchs. Jean Claude Weeber. and Alain Dereux Introduction Experimental Scheme Imaging of Photonic Nanopatterns On the Mechanism of Tip Excitation Highly Resolved SNOM Images of the Granular Structure of a Gold Film Interpretation of the Experimental Iniages Discussion References Optical Tunneling Effect and Surface Plasmon Resonance from Nanostructures in a Metallic Thin Film Wei-Chih Liu Introduction One-Dimensional Theoretical Models SPP and LSP Resonance in the One-Dimensional Deep-Grooved Grating Inlplications for Randomly Distributed Grooves and Non-periodic Grooves Coriclusions References

9 Contents XI Coherent Spontaneous Emission of Light Due to Surface Waves Jean-Jacques Greffet. Remi Carrninati. Karl Joulain. Jean-Philippe Mulet. Carsten Henkel. Stephane Mainguy. and Yong Chen Introduction Spectral Properties of Ernitted Thermal Near Fields Spectrum of the Thermally Emitted Light Examples: Near-Field Thermal Emission of SIC and Glass Potential Applications Radiative Heat Transfer at Nanometric Distances Introduction Contribution of Resonant Surface Waves Spatial Coherence of Thermal Sources in the Near Field Exact Calculations of the Spatial Correlation of the Field Qua.litative Discussion A Spatially Coherent Thermal Source Conclusions References Plasmon Resonances in Nanowires with a Non-regular Cross-Section Olivier J. F. Martin lntrod~ictiori AIodel Metals at Optical Frequencies Scattering Problem Relation Between Shape and Resonance Spectrum Polarization Charge Distributions Field Enhancement and SERS Influence of the Model Permittivity and of the Background Concl~isions and Outlook References Index