Effects of Suspended Sediments. By: Alexandria Watts, Ben Van Gorp, & Tommy Jenkins

Transcription

1 Effects of Suspended Sediments By: Alexandria Watts, Ben Van Gorp, & Tommy Jenkins

2 Holland s Game Fish Daphnia are often the food source to many bait fish that game fish feed on Chambers Bros. Fishing in early 20th century Historic Ottawa Beach Society

3 Background: Small freshwater invertebrates Lower on the food chainfood for many bait fish Lake Macatawa chosen due to large sedimentation problem being observed

4 Negative Feedback Loop: If Daphnia die out due to sedimentation, it would limit the food source for organisms above them and potentially wipe out part of the ecosystem

5 Hypothesis If we increase the suspended sediment load the mortality rate will increase for Daphnia magna. If death is increased in Daphnia there will then be a negative feedback loop on the game fish of Holland

6 Photos: Paw Paw Bridge The Experiment The Experiment

7 Procedure: 1. Water samples filtered to determine the suspended sediment load 2. Sediment samples characterized to determine the grain size distribution 3. Sediments dry-sieved and used to determine the dropout rate of each sediment size 4. Testing Daphnia to observe the change in mortality rates

8 Pine Creek Unity Bridge Paw Paw Park Kollen Park

9 Calculating Suspended Sediments A vacuum system was used to filter the water through filter paper. This was then dried and the amount of suspended sediments calculated.

10 Display the distribution of particle size in Grain Distribution Charts Unity Bridge Kollen Park Pine Creek Paw Paw Characterizes stream bed sediments and suspended sediments

11 (mm) (mm) (mm)

12 Sands: Clays: Mainly composed of quartz anywhere from the sizes of 2mm - about ⅛ mm Can be characterized from very coarse to very fine Any size under ⅛ mm Usually extremely fine and what is majoritively suspended in the water

13 Sand Rich Clay Rich

14 Suspended Sediment Settling Rate: Two vials with 1 gram of sediment and 4 ml of water Both shaken at the beginning of the experiment, then only one was shaken after a specific time The settling rate of the Pine Creek sediment over the course of 24 hours

15 Start: 1 Minute 24 Hours

16 Sieving Ordered kaolinite, montmorillonite, and collected sediments from Pine Creek and Macatawa

17 Why clay? We wanted clay because it was the easiest to clog up the daphnia Ensure we had a clean non-toxic sediment to test first Sieve all of the sediments to use the same sized fines

18 Baseline Trials: The first part of the experiment was to test the toxicity of kaolinite and montmorillonite without any suspension grams of each were measured out Measuring out 3.20 grams of each sediment 500 ml of water added Sat for 4 hours to let the sediment settle Results: Daphnia were added and tested for 15 hours 100% survival rate Add 500mL of water and 10 daphnia

19 Spin tests Construction and implementation of the spinning mechanisms

20 Construction: 250 ml Wheaton plastic bottles 1 x1 square holes cut 60 micron mesh Cardboard neck stabilizer 1 large stir bar 1 stir plate

21 Implementation: 10 daphnia 750 ml of spring water Ultrasonic cleaned daphnia chamber and beaker

22 Testing Outline: The first trials of tests were conducted as shown below 0g/750mL x2 0.10g/750mL x 2, Kaolinite x g/750mL x2, Kaolinite x g/750mL x2, Kaolinite x 3 3.0g/750mL x2, Kaolinite x 3 6.0g/750mL x2, Kaolinite x 3

23 Results of.10g/750ml: Montmorillonite average: Alive: 90% Dead: 10% Babies: g/75 0mL Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Kaolinite average: Montmor -illonite Alive: 93.3% Dead:6.66% Babies: 0 Pine Creek average: Alive: 75% Dead: 25% Babies: 0 Kaolinite Pine Creek 7 8 -

24 0.10g Montmorillonite

25 0.10g Kaolinite

26 Results of 3.0g/750mL: Montmorillonite average: 3 Alive: 95% Dead: 5% Babies: g/750ml Kaolinite average: Alive: 76.7% Dead: 23.3% Babies: 0 Pine Creek average: Alive: 80% Dead: 20% Babies: Montmorillonite Trial 1 Trial Kaolinite Pine Creek Trial 3

27 3.00 g Pine Creek

28 Results of 6.0g/750mL: Pine Creek average: Alive: 95% Dead: 5% Babies: g/750ml Montmorillonite Trial 1 Trial Trial 3 Kaolinite average: 2 Alive: 80% Dead: 1 Babies: Kaolinite Pine Creek Montmorillonite average:

29 6.00 g Kaolinite

30 Synthesis: This section will go over the collaboration of all data for each sediment type and concentration

31 Kaolinite:

32 Montmorillonite:

33 Pine Creek:

34 Contaminated Sediments Sediments were taken from undisclosed contaminated locations in Lake Macatawa and Pine Creek rea

35 Purple Contaminant: Purple color from an aniline dye Aniline dye is toxic organic chemical usually used in wood dyes and finishes Pine Creek Contaminant: High levels of arsenic High levels of heavy metals

36 Results of 0.10g/750mL purple contaminant: Seemed to not be as contaminated as we thought Also ran a 0.10 g/ 750 ml all alive Purple Contaminant average: Alive: 95% Dead: 5% Babies: g/750ml Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Purple Contaminant

37 0.10g Purple Contaminant

38 Results of Contaminated Pine Creek 6.0g/750 ml: Contamination had a significant impact Initial Test: 0.10 g/ 750 ml - all alive Averages: 0 Alive: 66.6% Dead: 33.3% Babies: 6.00 g/750ml Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Contaminated Pine Creek 8 6 6

39 6.00 g Contaminant near Pine Creek

40 Pine Creek Contamination:

41 Purple Contaminant:

42 Conclusions

43 After tests on close to 500 Daphnia: Below 3.00g daphnia had high mortality, at 3.00g they seemed to recover, after that mortality went up again With an increase in sediment loads there seems to be an increase in breeding around the 3.00g concentration The contaminated sediment found in Lake Macatawa was not contaminated like once thought Pine Creek Contaminant had significant contamination

44 Game Fish Predicament: Highest concentration of suspended sediment 0.14g/liter daphnia would survive Game Fish Live Another Day This could become a problem with over sedimentation of Lake Macatawa and it may obscure the vision of predatory fish

45 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Hope College Geology Department Dr. Peaslee Rick Bosch Bruce Rabe, ERM