Introduction to Biotechnology No: Safety Engineering Preparation as a Professional

Transcription

1 Handai Cyber University Introduction to Biotechnology No: Safety Engineering Preparation as a Professional Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Information Science, Osaka University 1 International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University

2 Good morning Good afternoon Good evening Yoshio Katakura 2

3 A serious nuclear accident On September 30, 1999 At a uranium purification plant in Japan A critical accident involving a chain reaction Nuclear fission 235 U Neutron γ-ray Dead Dead... Heavily irradiated Irradiated (>100 persons) 3

4 Neutron Uranium 235 Nuclear fission 3 neutrons 9 neutrons 4

5 Regular procedure Uranium oxide < 2.4 kg Irregular procedure Uranium oxide 16 kg Nitric acid Small tank Large tank (6 kg was sufficient to initiate the chain reaction) 5

6 Causes of the accident Government Regulation Company (purifying uranium) Executives Management Professional staff Company (construction of plant ) Plant Designer Supervision Workers Operation Design Which is the primary cause? 6

7 The primary cause The professional staff s neglect of their duties The professional staff did not teach the workers about chain reactions. did not predict the possibility of a chain reaction. Had they taught the workers or had they predicted such a possibility, the accident would have never occurred. 7

8 Questions Q1. Are you studying biotechnology? Yes No Q2. Do you want to get a job related to biotechnology? Yes No 8

9 Definition of professional Specialist, One with an occupation You are studying biotechnology. You will get a job related to biotechnology. Therefore, you will be a professional 9

10 Introduction to Safety Engineering 1. You are a professional 2. Professionals duties for the safety of society Predict risks and prevent accidents 3. How to predict risks and prevent accidents 10

11 When one burns one s finger Animals only each individual learns that the situation is dangerous. Ouch! Bow Bow! 11

12 Humans can learn from hearsay can analogize related risks from an accident can make safety systems I was hit by a car Buses and motorcycles are also dangerous You must follow traffic signals 12

13 Landing course of flight TW ft 3400 ft Dallas airport 1800 ft 13

14 Aviation Safety Reporting System ASRS UA plane TA plane UA company Federal Aviation Administration TA company 14

15 Deleted based on copyright concern. 15

16 Heinrich s Law 1 30 Serious accident (heavy injury) Minor accident (light injury) 300 Incidents or near miss (no injury) 16

17 Who should make the reporting system? Those who have sufficient technical knowledge can analyze the causes understand the whole process can take precautionary measures You, as professional staff, satisfy all these criteria. 17

18 Simple (but efficient) Reporting System Yesterday, I had a bad experience Don t touch! Your hand may get caught in the belt and be crushed!! which left me in a cold sweat. Don t touch! At meetings By notices 18

19 When you make a safety reporting system 1.You must explain the significance of the reporting system 2.Never use reports other than for analyzing their causes. Never use them for assessment of reporters or for personnel matters 3.Never accuse reporters Only one word of accusation is needed to spoil the reporting system! One word of criticism can significantly reduce the number of reports. 19

20 3. How to predict risks and prevent accidents 1. Gathering of incidents and accidents (Making reporting systems) 2. Strategies (tips) for predicting risks Professionals must also predict unknown risks (1) Converse and contrapositive (2) Extrapolation (3) Association 20

21 P Q Converse Q P If a=2, then a 2 =4 If a 2 =4, then a=2 * Converse of contrapositive Contrapositive Converse of contrapositive P Q P Q If a 2, then a 2 4 ** Converse If a 2 4, then a 2 To be exact, * if a 2 is 4, then a may be 2 ** if a is not 2, then a 2 may not be 2 21

22 The capacity of this cable is 6 amperes. If the current is less than 6 A, it is safe. 1. Converse To be safe, the current must be less than 6A. 2. Contrapositive It is dangerous, if the current is more than 6A 3. Converse of contrapositive P Q Converse of contrapositive P Q Converse Contrapositive Q P Q P If the current is more than 6A, it is dangerous. To be exact, the uses of converse and contrapositive here are not correct. Please understand that these uses 22 are for prediction of risks. Comment

23 You must use this reagent with gloves. If you use this reagent with gloves, it is safe. 1. Converse To use this reagent safely, you must put on gloves. 2. Contrapositive It is dangerous, if you use this reagent without gloves. 3. Converse of contrapositive Without gloves, it is dangerous to use this regent. 23

24 Operating parameter X Observed value Y Y Extrapolation X 24

25 Incubation of a sample using a water bath At 37 C After one hour After a week At 100 C Heater 25

26 By extrapolation, you can predict risks At 37 C At 100 C Water level Temp safe level safe level Temp Time Water level Time Think of what will happen under extreme conditions 26

27 List the uses of a glass, write as many as possible within 5 minutes. (Any unreasonable or impractical uses are acceptable) 1 3 uses 4 7 uses 8 15 uses over 15 uses 27

28 A flower vase An aquarium 28

29 Strategy: Imagine the characteristics of a glass Glass Shape Round Cylindrical Chemical characteristics Made of silicon Physical characteristics Hard Ease of breaking Clear (Transparent) Heavy Melts at a high temperature 29

30 Cylindrical Wheat dough Use a glass as a rolling pin a Chinese dumpling 30

31 Thing Characteristics Uses Glass Continue Shape Round Cylindrical Chemical characteristics Made of silicon Physical characteristics Hard Ease of breaking Clear Heavy Melts Template for drawing a circle Rolling pin a material for silicon a musical instrument, a weapon for striking a person a knife (broken pieces) a lens swimming goggles a paperweight a raw material of making 31 (melt and then cast again)

32 Tips for association (1) Enumerate characteristics of an object Shape Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics Biological characteristics Possible verbs associated with the object Glass break, drink, put water (liquids) Acid corrode, oxidize, Possible modifiers of the object Glass clear, heavy, hard, Acid sour, 32

33 Knacks for association (2) Make the second, third, and fourth associations. Make next association from one characteristic. Do not consider multiple characteristics at the same time. If you consider multiple characteristics at the same time, you can associate only uses similar to the original use. Round Cylindrical Hard Putting water Clear Considering more characteristics, you can associate less 33

34 Tips for association (3) Combine the first, second, third, associations Practice: Predict risks when you measure a NaOH solution with a pipette. Object(s) Links of the first, second, third associations Pipette Glass Break Broken piece Sharp edge Alkaline Suck Harmful reagent Destroys cells by mouth pipetting Dangerous! Solution Spill Skin contact NaOH Splash Into your eyes 34

35 Practice: Predict risks when you use an autoclave Pressure sensor Temperature sensor Water Overheat sensor Gasket Exhaust valve Base plate Heater Drain valve Fig. Structure of autoclave 35

36 Practice: Predict risks when using an autoclave Electric shock Autoclave Fire Explosion Escape of electricity Ignition Overheat Solvent Electricity Water Heat Evaporation Metal High temperature Steam Burn Corrosion Acid Accelerated reaction >100 C Boiling Never autoclave solvents and volatile acids 36 You must put sufficient water in the autoclave before use

37 Pressure gauge Temperature gauge Exhaust valve Temperature sensor Gasket Handle Timer Overheat sensor 1. Do not leave the autoclave room until the autoclave heater is turned off. 2. You must wait until the temperature decreases to at least less than 90 C 3. You must check both the temperature and pressure gauge. 37

38 4. The level of media must be 1/3 of the flask. 5. Never shake the flask just after autoclaving. Wrong Dangerous! Right Less than 1/3 38

39 Introduction to Safety Engineering 1. You are a professional. 2. Professionals must predict risks and prevent accidents. 3. Converse & contrapositive, extrapolation, and association help predict risks. When you become a member of a laboratory and conduct experiments, you must take the responsibility of predicting risks and preventing yourself because 39 you are a professional

40 Report (by ) 1. Describe the duties of professionals. 2. Describe three strategy for predicting risks. 3. Describe your impression of this lecture within 200 words Mail should be addressed to 40