Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Transcription

1 Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. MODEL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION ADOPTION AS PERCEIVED BY THE RESEARCHERS By HADI FARID September 2010 Chairman: Professor Abu Daud Silong, PhD Faculty: Educational Studies Malaysia s biotechnology industry has progressed well with the launching of the National Biotechnology Policy in April However there is still a need to intensify efforts to achieve its milestones. The main objective of this research was to determine whether the quantum of funding, level of knowledge, acceptance and receptiveness, cooperation, transfer of technology and personal characteristics could explain the variations in the level of adoption of biotechnology innovations among academic researchers and managing directors of biotechnology companies. Another objective was to provide and optimize a model for transfer and adoption of biotechnology innovations by Malaysian companies. The research was conducted qualitatively through a co-relational design, the data of which was collected through a validated questionnaire. The target population, all of whom responded to the questionnaire, included 98 academic biotechnology researchers i

2 and 51 biotechnology company managers, based on the lists obtained from the universities and MOSTI. The data collected was analysed using correlation analysis to determine the significant relationships between the dependent and independent variables. The logistic regression was used to determine the level of influence of the correlates on the dependant variable, i.e the level of adoption of biotechnology innovations. The results were used to develop a model for more effective adoption of biotechnology innovations in the Malaysian context. The findings, from the perspective of biotechnology academic researchers and company managers, revealed that the level of adoption of innovations is low. This is in line with the MOSTI official documents which state that the targets set by the Malaysian government have yet to be realised. The results of this research also affirmed this, as observed in the Rogers normal S-curve which does not show an increase in the adoption level at the 16% cut off point. This indicates a low rate of adoption of innovation in the target population. The most significant correlate was found to be the quantum of funding, followed by the level of knowledge, acceptance, transfer of technology and cooperation, In addition, the data suggested that academic researchers and biotechnology company managers have different perspectives on the issue of level of adoption and its predictors. The university researchers believed in the effect of the level of knowledge, acceptance and transfer of technology while the managers emphasized the importance of funding as the most effective variable. Using all the data above, an optimized model was developed to ii

3 identify and propose the predictors of adoption of biotechnology innovations in Malaysian biotechnology companies. iii

4 Abstrak tesis untuk dibentangkan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia bagi memenuhi syarat ijazah Doktor Falsafah. PERSEPSI PENYELIDIK DAN PENGURUS SYARIKAT TERHADAP MODEL INOVASI BIOTEKNOLOGI Oleh HADI FARID September 2010 Pengerusi: Professor Abu Daud Silong, PhD Fakulti: Pengajian Pendidikan Industri bioteknologi di Malaysia telah berkembang maju sejak pelancaran Dasar Bioteknologi Nasional pada April Walau bagaimanapun usaha-usaha perlu di pergiatkan lagi bagi mencapai tanda aras yang ditetapkan. Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti samada jumlah pembiayaan, tahap pengetahuan, penerimaan-guna, kerjasama, pemindahan teknologi dan ciri-ciri peribadi, mempengaruhi tahap penerimaan innovasi bioteknologi dari sudut pandangan penyelidik akademik dan pengurus syarikat. Ia juga bertujuan untuk mengemukan dan mengoptimumkan satu model berkaitan dengan pemindahan dan penerimaan-guna innovasi bioteknologi oleh syarikat Malaysia. Kajian ini dijalankan secara kuantitatif melalui rekabentuk korelasi, Data dikumpulkan melalui soal selidik yang telah sahkan. Sasaran populasi bagi kajian ini termasuk 98 penyelidik akademik bioteknologi dan 51 pengurus syarikat bioteknologi, berasaskan iv

5 senarai yang diperolehi dari universiti dan MOSTI. Kesemua sasaran populasi menyertai dalam proses pengumpulan data. Data yang dikutip dikaji dengan mengunakan analisis perkaitan bagi menentukan hubungkait yang penting di antara angkubah bergantung dan tidak bergantung. Regresi logistic digunakan untuk mengenalpasti tahap pengaruhan faktor ke atas angkubah yang bergantung,iaitu tahap penerimaan-guna inovasi bioteknologi. Penemuan kajian ini kemudiannya digunakan untuk membentuk model bagi penerimaan-guna inovasi secara berkesan dalam konteks Malaysia. Penemuan dari sudut pandangan penyelidik akademik bioteknologi dan pengurus syarikat menunjukan bahawa tahap penerimaan-guna inovasi adalah rendah. Ini adalah selaras dengan dokumen rasmi MOSTI yang menyatakan bahawa sasaran yang ditetapkan oleh Kerajaan Malaysia masih belum dicapai. Penemuan kajian ini juga mengesahkan kenyataan ini, seperti diperhatikan dalam Rogers S-curve yang biasa, yang tidak mencatatkan peningkatan dalam tahap penerimaan-guna inovasi dikalangan sasaran populasi. Faktor yang paling berkesan adalah jumlah pembiayaan diikuti dengan tahap pengetahuan, penerimaan-guna, pemindahan teknologi dan kerjasama. Disamping itu, data juga menunjukan bahawa penyelidik akademik dan pengurus syarikat bioteknologi mempunyai pandangan yang berbeza dalam isu penerimaan-guna dan juga faktor ramalan. Penyelidik kebanyakkannya menyokong kesan tahap pengetahuan, penerimaan dan pemindahan teknologi manakala pengurus memberi penekanan kepada kepentingan jumlah pembiayaan sebagai angkubah yang paling berkesan. Satu model v

6 yang optimum dibentuk dengan mengunakan semua data di atas bagi mengenalpasti dan mencadangkan faktor ramalan penerimaan-guna inovasi di syarikat bioteknologi Malaysia. vi

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I offer my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Abu Daud Silong who has supported me throughout my thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my co-supervisor, Professor Dr. Azimi Hamzah. His encouraging, detailed and constructive comments have enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. I am also grateful to Associate Professor Dr. Bahaman Abu Samah as a member of the supervisory committee. In particular I would like to acknowledge the help of Associate Professor Dr. Saroje Kumar Sarkar for his tremendous support, numerous stimulating discussions and general advice. My most special gratitude goes to my parents who have supported me throughout this research. Without their encouragement, understanding and support it would have been impossible for me to finish this work. My special gratitude is due to my sister, for her support in different ways during the whole process. Finally, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the project. vii

8 I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on date of viva voce to conduct the final examination of Hadi Farid on his Degree of Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled Model of Biotechnology Innovation Adoption as Perceived by the Researchers in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U. (A) 106] 15 March The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Member of the Examination committee were as follows Azahari Ismail, PhD Associate Professor Dr. Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Jegak Uli, PhD Associate Professor Dr. Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Azizan Asmuni, PhD Associate Professor Dr. Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Gary J. Confessore, Professor Dr. Faculty of Higher Education George Washington University, United States (External Examiner) BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: viii

9 This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The members of Supervisory committee were as follows: Abu Daud Silong, PhD Professor Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Azimi Hj Hamzah, PhD Professor Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Bahaman Abu Samah, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: ix

10 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and it is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any institutions. HADI FARID Date: 30 / Sep / 2010 x

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS i iv vii viii x xiv xvii xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Problem Statement Research Objectives General Objective Specific Objectives Research Hypothesis Significance of the Study Scope of the Study Limitations of the Study Operational Definitions Adoption of Innovation The level of Adoption Predictors of Adoption of Biotechnology Innovations Biotechnology Company 20 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction Agricultural Extension Biotechnology Innovation and Biotechnology Transfer Level of Adoption of Biotechnology Innovations and its Effecting Factors Level of Adoption Level of Knowledge Amount of Fund Level of Acceptance & Receptiveness Level of Cooperation Level of Transfer of Technology Diffusion of Innovation Theory Rogers Innovation Diffusion Theory Adoption Analyses Models Analyzing Adoption of Innovations Organizational Adoption Change Agents Role in Diffusion and Adoption of Innovation 46 xi

12 2.5.6 Innovation Attributes Agricultural Extension History of Extension Education in Malaysia Agricultural Biotechnology Innovation Adoption Adoption of GM Technologies International and National Development of Biotechnology Innovation Systems Biotechnology Innovation System in Selected Countries Malaysia Biotechnology Innovation System and Bio Industry Public Acceptance of Biotechnology in Malaysia Related Research on Level of Adoption Theoretical Framework 74 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Research Design Research Process Research Framework Population and Sampling Data Collection The Research Instrument Validity Internal Validity External Validity Reliability Data Analysis Descriptive Statistics Logistic Regression Pearson Correlation The Level of Significance Ethical Considerations RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Demographic Characteristics Demographic Characteristics of Academic Researchers Demographic Characteristics of Biotechnology Company Managers Level of Independent Variable Level of Dependent Variable Model of Biotechnology Innovation Adopted Model of Biotechnology Innovation Adopted for Academic Researchers Model of Biotechnology Innovation Adopted for Company Managers Correlation Analysis Data for Academic Researchers Data for Biotechnology Company Managers 162 xii

13 4.5 Cumulative Results Objective Objective Objective Objectives 4 and SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Summary Discussion Demographic Data Probability of Adoption Based on Logistic Regression Interpretation of University Data for Level of Adoption Interpretation of Biotechnology Company Managers Data for Level of Adoption Interpretation of Relationship among Factors through Correlation Interpretation of Correlation Results as Perceived by Academic Researchers Interpretation of Correlation Results as Perceived by Biotechnology Company Managers Factors Affecting on Level of Adoption Current Situation for Level of Adoption Biotechnology in Malaysia Proposed Model on Adoption of Innovation Conclusion Recommendations Recommendations for Future Research 205 REFERENCES 207 APPENDICES 221 BODATA OF STUDENT 241 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 242 xiii

14 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Factors Affecting Biotechnology Adoption Summery of Biotechnology Innovation Systems in Selected Countries Specific Variables: Measure of Independent Variables Justification & Measurement for Questionnaire Reliability Statistics Demographic Characteristics of Academic Researchers Innovations Presented Annually ( ) Demographic Characteristics of Biotechnology Company Managers Characteristics of Companies Biotechnology Activities Kind of Innovation by Biotechnology Companies in Malaysia Innovations Adopted by Companies ( ) Annual Innovations Commercialized by Companies ( ) Factors Related to Level of Adoption Level of Adoption Case Processing Summary Dependent Variable Encoding Classification Table a,b Variables in the Equation Variables not in the Equation Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients Model Summary Classification Table a 123 xiv

15 Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.1) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.2) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.3) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.4) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.5) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.6) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.7) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.8) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.9) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.10) Case Processing Summary Dependent Variable Encoding Classification Table a,b Variables in the Equation Variables not in the Equation Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients Model Summary Classification Table a Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.1) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.2) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.3) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.4) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.5) 147 xv

16 Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.6) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.7) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.8) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.9) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.10) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.11) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.12) Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates (G.13) Criteria for Strength of the Relationship Correlation Analysis for Academic Researchers Data Correlation Analysis for Biotechnology Company Managers Data Predictors of Level of Adoption as Perceived 169 xvi

17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 The Relationship between the Policy Makers & the Factors Affecting the Implementation of the Innovation Adoption Policy A model for Technology Transfer in Malaysia Rogers Innovation Diffusion Graph Innovation Decision Process The Relationship between Perceived Attributes of Innovation and Level of Adoption of Innovation Adoptions of Innovation Factors Theoretical Framework Research Process Research Framework Sequences for Questionnaire / Instrument Development Comparison of Logistic Regression Model and Linear Regression Model Academic Researchers Scatter plot Biotechnology Company Researchers Scatter plot Chances of Adoption of Biotechnology Innovations Based on Academic Researchers Data Reject Probability of Adoption of Biotechnology Innovation by Using Academic Researchers Data Chance of Adoption Biotechnology Innovation by Using Biotechnology Company Managers Data Reject Probability of Adoption of Biotechnology Innovation by Using Biotechnology Company Managers Data Factors Currently Affecting the Level of Adoption Diffusion Curve for the Level of Adoption Biotechnology in Malaysia 195 xvii

18 5.7 The Present Scenario of Adoption of Biotechnology Innovations in Malaysia Suggested Model For Adotion of Biotechnology Innovation 197 xviii

19 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABS: Access and Benefit Sharing CAM: College of Agriculture, Malaya CECE: Center for Extension and Continuing Education CRDF: Commercialization of R&D Fund DOA: Department of Agriculture FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization GM: Genetically Modified GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice IDT: Innovation Diffusion Theory IT: Information Technology LMOs: Living Modified Organisms MAHA: Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture and Agro-tourism MARDI: Agricultural Research and Development Institute MOSTI: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation MTDC: Malaysian Technology Development Corporation NBBNet: National Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Network NBP: National Biotechnology Policy NPCB: National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau xix

20 SEARCA: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study & Research in Agriculture ToT: Transfer of technology UM: University Malaya UKM: University Kebangsaan Malaysia UPM: University Putra Malaysia USM: University Sains Malaysia WHO: World Health Organization xx