Living Environment Exam Cheat Sheet You need to memorize all of this.! You cannot take this into the exam room!!

Transcription

1 Name #! Page 1 of 13 Living Environment Exam Cheat Sheet You need to memorize all of this.! You cannot take this into the exam room!! My exam is on at location: The earliest that I can leave the exam room is The longest I can stay is until I need to bring the following with me I need to leave my cell phone at home. (It is NOT allowed in the exam room!) General Info:! 1. If a multiple choice answer has any of the following words in it: all, always, only, never it is the wrong answer! Unity and Diversity! 2. Label everything in the diagram to the right. 3. The diagram to the right is a plant cell because it has chloroplasts, a cell wall and large vacuoles. 4. Only animal cells have centrioles to help the cell divide but plant cells do not. 5. Multicellular organisms use organs to carry out life functions. 6. Single celled organisms use organelles to carry out life functions. 7. Homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium are the same (keeping everything in balance)

2 Page 2 of Ribosomes are very small and cannot be seen with our microscopes. 9. The mitochondria is where respiration happens. 10. Respiration makes energy AKA:ATP. 11. Chloroplasts have chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis happens. 12. The nucleus stores genetic information (DNA). 13. The cell membrane allows materials to move in and out of the cell and allows cells to communicate with one another. 14. Organic molecules have carbon. Examples: carbon dioxide, Glucose, amino acids, proteins, starches. 15. Inorganic molecules do not have carbon. Examples: water, oxygen. 16. Taking in carbon dioxide and water and making glucose and oxygen is the process of photosynthesis. Only plants and algae perform photosynthesis. 17. Taking in oxygen and glucose and making energy and carbon dioxide is the process of respiration. All organisms including plants and animals perform respiration. 18. Yeast mixed with sugar will perform respiration and produce carbon dioxide bubbles. 19. To calculate total magnification of a microscope, you multiply the magnification of the eyepiece with one of the objective lenses. 20. The diaphragm of the microscope controls the amount of light passing through the object. 21. When you switch from low power to high power, the object viewed appears larger and darker.

3 Page 3 of When you switch from low power to high power, the field of view decreases. (You are looking at a smaller area so the object looks bigger) 23. Paper chromatography is used to separate pigments. 24. The smaller pigments travel the farthest in paper chromatography. Transport! 1. The cell membrane exchanges gases just like the lungs and respiratory system in larger organisms. 2. Diffusion and Osmosis do not need energy. 3. Osmosis is the movement of water only. 4. Passive transport goes from high to low naturally (without energy) 5. Active transport goes against nature from low to high so it needs energy. 6. AIDS and HIV weaken the immune system. 7. Stomates are the openings or pores in the leaf. Guard cells open and close the stomates. This is to control gas exchange and to prevent water from being lost. AKA: to maintain homeostasis 8. Small molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane. Examples are: oxygen, water, glucose, Starch Indicator solution. 9. Large molecules cannot diffuse through a cell membrane. Examples are: proteins, starches, salt

4 Page 4 of The immune system protects your body from infection. 11. Vaccines are made of weakened or dead viruses. 12. When you get sick or receive a vaccination, your body recognizes the antigens from the bacteria or virus and makes antibodies (white blood cells) to protect your body and fight off infection. 13. Antigens and pathogens are the same types of organisms. 14. An allergic reaction is when the body sees something harmless and thinks that it is an antigen and produces antibodies and histamine. 15. Antibiotics are medicine your body does not make antibiotics. Your body makes antibodies. 16. Cells communicate with receptor molecules. 17. Receptor molecules have to be the same shape as the hormone. 18. Blood drops off carbon dioxide at the lungs and picks up oxygen. 19. Blood drops off oxygen at the muscles and picks up carbon dioxide. 20. When muscles don t receive enough oxygen they get fatigued (tired) because waste products build up. 21. Salt water makes cells lose water. 22. Distilled water makes water enter the cell.

5 Page 5 of 13 Reproduction! 1. Organisms that reproduce asexually have exactly the same genes as their parent. 2. Organisms that reproduce sexually have a mixture of both parents genes. 3. Body cells are made by mitosis 4. Sex cells are made by meiosis. 5. Meiosis only happens in the ovaries and testes of a human. 6. Mitosis happens everywhere. 7. Sperm and egg join together in the process of fertilization when a zygote is created. 8. A zygote s cells reproduce by mitosis. 9. The zygote s cells start to look and function differently from one another when it goes through differentiation. 10. Meiosis > sex cells (gametes) > fertilization > zygote > mitosis > differentiation 11. Ovaries produce eggs. 12. Ovaries produce the female sex hormones: estrogen, progesterone, lutenizing hormone. 13. Testes produce sperm. 14. Testes produce the male sex hormone: testosterone. 15. The uterus is where the embryo spends 9 months. 16. The placenta is attached to the mother s uterus, and the embryo s belly button. 17. The placenta passes nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the embryo by diffusion.

6 Page 6 of The placenta passes wastes and carbon dioxide from the baby to the mother by diffusion. 19. The mother and embryo s blood never mix. 20. Genetic shuffling is mixing up the genes when sexual reproduction occurs. This is why siblings aren t exactly like one another. 21. Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis) is cancer. Modern Genetics! 1. Largest to smallest: organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, nucleus, chromosome, gene, DNA, nucleotide, nitrogenous base 2. Humans and other organisms have similar DNA, the order of the bases is all that is different (the order of the A,T,C, and G s) 3. All body cells in a human have the same exact DNA. 4. Different body cells just use different parts of the DNA. 5. Sex cells have half of the DNA of a body cell. 6. In order for a trait or a characteristic to get passed on to offspring, the gene has to be in a sex cell. 7. The DNA base Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine. 8. RNA does not have Thymine, it has Uracil instead. 9. The mrna base Adenine pairs with Thymine in DNA. 10. The mrna base Uracil pairs with Adenine in DNA. 11. The mrna base Cytosine pairs with Guanine in DNA. 12. The mrna base Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA.

7 Page 7 of You have to be able to use this chart to find the amino acid by using the mrna codon. 14. Proteins are made of amino acids. 15. DNA (in the nucleus) has the instructions to make Proteins. 16. Protein Synthesis happens at the Ribosome. 17. mrna delivers the message from the DNA to the ribosome. 18. trna delivers the amino acids to the ribosome. 19. Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Antigens, Insulin, are all examples of Proteins. 20. Your proteins are what determine your traits. Examples: eye color, hair color, etc. 21. The function (or job) of an enzyme is determined by it s shape. 22. Enzymes and catalysts make chemical reactions happen faster. 23. Big molecules can be digested into smaller molecules by enzymes. (AKA: catalysts) 24. The wrong temperature or ph can change the shape of an enzyme and then it won t function correctly. 25. Starches are made of glucose molecules. 26. X-rays and radiation can cause mutations. 27. Mutations are mistakes in the DNA. 28. A mutation is known as an insertion when a base is added to the DNA.

8 Page 8 of A mutation is known as a deletion when a base is removed from the DNA. 30. A mutation is known as an inversion when bases are switched in the DNA. 31. A mutation is known as a substitution when a base is replaced by another base in the DNA. 32. Mutations (mistakes) in the DNA can make proteins that don t function correctly. 33. If a protein is made with the wrong amino acids, then it will have the wrong shape and will not work correctly. 34. Replication is the copying of DNA. 35. Replication happens in the nucleus. 36. The environment can change the way genes are expressed. Identical twins that look different and the Himalyian Rabbit are two examples. Biotechnology! 1. Selective breeding has been used for a long time to breed cattle, race horses, dogs, plants. 2. Genetic Engineering is new technology where the DNA of an organism is changed by a scientist. 3. DNA can be cut with restriction enzymes. 4. Inserting a gene into another organism s DNA is known as genetic engineering. 5. The DNA with two different organism s DNA is known as recombinant DNA. 6. Inserting a body nucleus into an egg cell makes a clone.

9 Page 9 of A clone is genetically identical to the parent that donated the nucleus. 8. Insulin controls glucose levels in the blood. This is to maintain homeostasis. 9. When insulin is doing a good job, the graph looks like this: 10. Bacterial DNA is in a ring shape called a plasmid. 11. DNA fingerprinting is also known as electrophoresis. 12. DNA Fingerprinting can be used to separate pieces of proteins or DNA. 13. Small pieces of DNA travel far from the wells in electrophoresis, large pieces stay near the wells. 14. DNA fingerprinting and electrophoresis can be used to determine evolutionary relationships, to solve crimes, to determine the parents of an individual. Scientific Method! 1. A graduated cylinder is measured from the bottom of the miniscus 2. A hypothesis is worded as an IF then statement. 3. A hypothesis is NEVER a question. 4. The independent variable is what the scientist changes in the experiment. 5. The dependent variable is what changes because of that change.

10 Page 10 of The control group does not have the independent variable changed (you must explain how) 7. The experimental group does have the independent variable changed. (you must explain how) 8. When asked about the type of data you would record, you have to explain what you would measure and what units you would use. Example: plant stem length in centimeters. 9. To make your experiment more valid (better) repeat it, or use more test subjects. 10. Never put a break in your graph 11. Spread out the numbers on a graph in equal amounts over an equal number of boxes. Evolution! 1. The first organisms on Earth were simple single-celled organisms. 2. Fossils are evidence of evolution 3. Most of the species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct. 4. On an evolutionary tree, an organism that makes it to the present is alive today. 5. Species that reproduce sexually have more variety (differences) than species that reproduce asexually. 6. Natural selection is when one type of organism has a trait that allows it to survive and have babies. 7. Species with a lot of variety have a better chance of surviving than species that don t.

11 Page 11 of Scientists can prove that two organisms had a common ancestor based on structural evidence and molecular evidence. 9. Structural evidence is comparing bones and outward appearance. 10. Molecular evidence is amino acid sequences in proteins, and base sequences in DNA. 11. Molecular evidence is better than structural evidence. 12. Darwin s finches have different beak shapes that allow them to eat different food than the other birds, which reduces competition because they occupy different niches. 13. These changes in beaks took many generations to happen because of natural selection. 14. If a mutation helps an organism survive and reproduce, then the trait will become more common in future generations. Ecology! 1. Largest to smallest: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, species 2. An ecosystem is made of both living and nonliving parts of the surroundings. 3. Biotic factors are living parts of the ecosystem. Example: competition with other organisms. 4. Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Examples: oxygen, water, nutrients.

12 Page 12 of A population has reached carrying capacity when the population increases and then levels out. (stops increasing but doesn t decrease) 6. A predator kills and eats its prey. 7. A parasite does not kill its host. 8. A scavenger does not kill an organism, but it does eat it if it is laying around. 9. Organisms that are not from a certain area are a foreign species and can became a problem because they do not have a natural predator. 10. Energy pyramids show that energy is lost as you go up a food chain. The plants have the most energy. 11. Energy is not recycled in an ecosystem. 12. The Sun adds energy to an ecosystem. 13. The arrow in a food chain points to where the energy goes. 14. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers. 15. Autotrophs do not eat other organisms, they make their own food by doing photosynthesis. 16. Decomposers return nutrients to the soil for the plants to use. 17. Genetic diversity is having lots of differences in the DNA of organisms. 18. Genetic diversity helps to prevent one disease or predator from killing out an entire population. 19. This is succession

13 Page 13 of 13 Human Impact! 1. This is a graph of the human population over the past 2,000 years 2. Driving cars (burning fossil fuels) and factories produces carbon dioxide. 3. Large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere makes the global temperature increase. 4. Plants and algae remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 5. If we destroy parts of Earth, we lose biodiversity. 6. Biodiversity is a source for potential medicines. 7. Low biodiversity results in low stability (meaning that the environment can be destroyed easily) 8. The ozone shield protects us from the damaging and cancercausing ultraviolet radiation (UV rays) 9. When decisions are made about the environment, the community has to consider the trade-offs (the good and bad results of their decision) 10. Renewable resources can be replaced. Examples: wind energy, solar energy. 11. Non renewable resources are limited (aka: finite). Examples: gas, oil,coal.

14 Name #! Page 1 of 13 Living Environment Exam Cheat Sheet You need to memorize all of this.! You cannot take this into the exam room!! My exam is on at location: The earliest that I can leave the exam room is The longest I can stay is until I need to bring the following with me I need to leave my cell phone at home. (It is NOT allowed in the exam room!) General Info:! 1. If a multiple choice answer has any of the following words in it: all, always, only, never it is the wrong answer! Unity and Diversity! 2. Label everything in the diagram to the right. 3. The diagram to the right is a plant cell because it has chloroplasts, a cell wall and large vacuoles. 4. Only animal cells have centrioles to help the cell divide but plant cells do not. 5. Multicellular organisms use organs to carry out life functions. 6. Single celled organisms use organelles to carry out life functions. 7. Homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium are the same (keeping everything in balance)

15 Page 2 of Ribosomes are very small and cannot be seen with our microscopes. 9. The mitochondria is where respiration happens. 10. Respiration makes energy AKA:ATP. 11. Chloroplasts have chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis happens. 12. The nucleus stores genetic information (DNA). 13. The cell membrane allows materials to move in and out of the cell and allows cells to communicate with one another. 14. Organic molecules have carbon. Examples: carbon dioxide, Glucose, amino acids, proteins, starches. 15. Inorganic molecules do not have carbon. Examples: water, oxygen. 16. Taking in carbon dioxide and water and making glucose and oxygen is the process of photosynthesis. Only plants and algae perform photosynthesis. 17. Taking in oxygen and glucose and making energy and carbon dioxide is the process of respiration. All organisms including plants and animals perform respiration. 18. Yeast mixed with sugar will perform respiration and produce carbon dioxide bubbles. 19. To calculate total magnification of a microscope, you multiply the magnification of the eyepiece with one of the objective lenses. 20. The diaphragm of the microscope controls the amount of light passing through the object. 21. When you switch from low power to high power, the object viewed appears larger and darker.

16 Page 3 of When you switch from low power to high power, the field of view decreases. (You are looking at a smaller area so the object looks bigger) 23. Paper chromatography is used to separate pigments. 24. The smaller pigments travel the farthest in paper chromatography. Transport! 1. The cell membrane exchanges gases just like the lungs and respiratory system in larger organisms. 2. Diffusion and Osmosis do not need energy. 3. Osmosis is the movement of water only. 4. Passive transport goes from high to low naturally (without energy) 5. Active transport goes against nature from low to high so it needs energy. 6. AIDS and HIV weaken the immune system. 7. Stomates are the openings or pores in the leaf. Guard cells open and close the stomates. This is to control gas exchange and to prevent water from being lost. AKA: to maintain homeostasis 8. Small molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane. Examples are: oxygen, water, glucose, Starch Indicator solution. 9. Large molecules cannot diffuse through a cell membrane. Examples are: proteins, starches, salt

17 Page 4 of The immune system protects your body from infection. 11. Vaccines are made of weakened or dead viruses. 12. When you get sick or receive a vaccination, your body recognizes the antigens from the bacteria or virus and makes antibodies (white blood cells) to protect your body and fight off infection. 13. Antigens and pathogens are the same types of organisms. 14. An allergic reaction is when the body sees something harmless and thinks that it is an antigen and produces antibodies and histamine. 15. Antibiotics are medicine your body does not make antibiotics. Your body makes antibodies. 16. Cells communicate with receptor molecules. 17. Receptor molecules have to be the same shape as the hormone. 18. Blood drops off carbon dioxide at the lungs and picks up oxygen. 19. Blood drops off oxygen at the muscles and picks up carbon dioxide. 20. When muscles don t receive enough oxygen they get fatigued (tired) because waste products build up. 21. Salt water makes cells lose water. 22. Distilled water makes water enter the cell.

18 Page 5 of 13 Reproduction! 1. Organisms that reproduce asexually have exactly the same genes as their parent. 2. Organisms that reproduce sexually have a mixture of both parents genes. 3. Body cells are made by mitosis 4. Sex cells are made by meiosis. 5. Meiosis only happens in the ovaries and testes of a human. 6. Mitosis happens everywhere. 7. Sperm and egg join together in the process of fertilization when a zygote is created. 8. A zygote s cells reproduce by mitosis. 9. The zygote s cells start to look and function differently from one another when it goes through differentiation. 10. Meiosis > sex cells (gametes) > fertilization > zygote > mitosis > differentiation 11. Ovaries produce eggs. 12. Ovaries produce the female sex hormones: estrogen, progesterone, lutenizing hormone. 13. Testes produce sperm. 14. Testes produce the male sex hormone: testosterone. 15. The uterus is where the embryo spends 9 months. 16. The placenta is attached to the mother s uterus, and the embryo s belly button. 17. The placenta passes nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the embryo by diffusion.

19 Page 6 of The placenta passes wastes and carbon dioxide from the baby to the mother by diffusion. 19. The mother and embryo s blood never mix. 20. Genetic shuffling is mixing up the genes when sexual reproduction occurs. This is why siblings aren t exactly like one another. 21. Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis) is cancer. Modern Genetics! 1. Largest to smallest: organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, nucleus, chromosome, gene, DNA, nucleotide, nitrogenous base 2. Humans and other organisms have similar DNA, the order of the bases is all that is different (the order of the A,T,C, and G s) 3. All body cells in a human have the same exact DNA. 4. Different body cells just use different parts of the DNA. 5. Sex cells have half of the DNA of a body cell. 6. In order for a trait or a characteristic to get passed on to offspring, the gene has to be in a sex cell. 7. The DNA base Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine. 8. RNA does not have Thymine, it has Uracil instead. 9. The mrna base Adenine pairs with Thymine in DNA. 10. The mrna base Uracil pairs with Adenine in DNA. 11. The mrna base Cytosine pairs with Guanine in DNA. 12. The mrna base Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA.

20 Page 7 of You have to be able to use this chart to find the amino acid by using the mrna codon. 14. Proteins are made of amino acids. 15. DNA (in the nucleus) has the instructions to make Proteins. 16. Protein Synthesis happens at the Ribosome. 17. mrna delivers the message from the DNA to the ribosome. 18. trna delivers the amino acids to the ribosome. 19. Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Antigens, Insulin, are all examples of Proteins. 20. Your proteins are what determine your traits. Examples: eye color, hair color, etc. 21. The function (or job) of an enzyme is determined by it s shape. 22. Enzymes and catalysts make chemical reactions happen faster. 23. Big molecules can be digested into smaller molecules by enzymes. (AKA: catalysts) 24. The wrong temperature or ph can change the shape of an enzyme and then it won t function correctly. 25. Starches are made of glucose molecules. 26. X-rays and radiation can cause mutations. 27. Mutations are mistakes in the DNA. 28. A mutation is known as an insertion when a base is added to the DNA.

21 Page 8 of A mutation is known as a deletion when a base is removed from the DNA. 30. A mutation is known as an inversion when bases are switched in the DNA. 31. A mutation is known as a substitution when a base is replaced by another base in the DNA. 32. Mutations (mistakes) in the DNA can make proteins that don t function correctly. 33. If a protein is made with the wrong amino acids, then it will have the wrong shape and will not work correctly. 34. Replication is the copying of DNA. 35. Replication happens in the nucleus. 36. The environment can change the way genes are expressed. Identical twins that look different and the Himalyian Rabbit are two examples. Biotechnology! 1. Selective breeding has been used for a long time to breed cattle, race horses, dogs, plants. 2. Genetic Engineering is new technology where the DNA of an organism is changed by a scientist. 3. DNA can be cut with restriction enzymes. 4. Inserting a gene into another organism s DNA is known as genetic engineering. 5. The DNA with two different organism s DNA is known as recombinant DNA. 6. Inserting a body nucleus into an egg cell makes a clone.

22 Page 9 of A clone is genetically identical to the parent that donated the nucleus. 8. Insulin controls glucose levels in the blood. This is to maintain homeostasis. 9. When insulin is doing a good job, the graph looks like this: 10. Bacterial DNA is in a ring shape called a plasmid. 11. DNA fingerprinting is also known as electrophoresis. 12. DNA Fingerprinting can be used to separate pieces of proteins or DNA. 13. Small pieces of DNA travel far from the wells in electrophoresis, large pieces stay near the wells. 14. DNA fingerprinting and electrophoresis can be used to determine evolutionary relationships, to solve crimes, to determine the parents of an individual. Scientific Method! 1. A graduated cylinder is measured from the bottom of the miniscus 2. A hypothesis is worded as an IF then statement. 3. A hypothesis is NEVER a question. 4. The independent variable is what the scientist changes in the experiment. 5. The dependent variable is what changes because of that change.

23 Page 10 of The control group does not have the independent variable changed (you must explain how) 7. The experimental group does have the independent variable changed. (you must explain how) 8. When asked about the type of data you would record, you have to explain what you would measure and what units you would use. Example: plant stem length in centimeters. 9. To make your experiment more valid (better) repeat it, or use more test subjects. 10. Never put a break in your graph 11. Spread out the numbers on a graph in equal amounts over an equal number of boxes. Evolution! 1. The first organisms on Earth were simple single-celled organisms. 2. Fossils are evidence of evolution 3. Most of the species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct. 4. On an evolutionary tree, an organism that makes it to the present is alive today. 5. Species that reproduce sexually have more variety (differences) than species that reproduce asexually. 6. Natural selection is when one type of organism has a trait that allows it to survive and have babies. 7. Species with a lot of variety have a better chance of surviving than species that don t.

24 Page 11 of Scientists can prove that two organisms had a common ancestor based on structural evidence and molecular evidence. 9. Structural evidence is comparing bones and outward appearance. 10. Molecular evidence is amino acid sequences in proteins, and base sequences in DNA. 11. Molecular evidence is better than structural evidence. 12. Darwin s finches have different beak shapes that allow them to eat different food than the other birds, which reduces competition because they occupy different niches. 13. These changes in beaks took many generations to happen because of natural selection. 14. If a mutation helps an organism survive and reproduce, then the trait will become more common in future generations. Ecology! 1. Largest to smallest: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, species 2. An ecosystem is made of both living and nonliving parts of the surroundings. 3. Biotic factors are living parts of the ecosystem. Example: competition with other organisms. 4. Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Examples: oxygen, water, nutrients.

25 Page 12 of A population has reached carrying capacity when the population increases and then levels out. (stops increasing but doesn t decrease) 6. A predator kills and eats its prey. 7. A parasite does not kill its host. 8. A scavenger does not kill an organism, but it does eat it if it is laying around. 9. Organisms that are not from a certain area are a foreign species and can became a problem because they do not have a natural predator. 10. Energy pyramids show that energy is lost as you go up a food chain. The plants have the most energy. 11. Energy is not recycled in an ecosystem. 12. The Sun adds energy to an ecosystem. 13. The arrow in a food chain points to where the energy goes. 14. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers. 15. Autotrophs do not eat other organisms, they make their own food by doing photosynthesis. 16. Decomposers return nutrients to the soil for the plants to use. 17. Genetic diversity is having lots of differences in the DNA of organisms. 18. Genetic diversity helps to prevent one disease or predator from killing out an entire population. 19. This is succession

26 Page 13 of 13 Human Impact! 1. This is a graph of the human population over the past 2,000 years 2. Driving cars (burning fossil fuels) and factories produces carbon dioxide. 3. Large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere makes the global temperature increase. 4. Plants and algae remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 5. If we destroy parts of Earth, we lose biodiversity. 6. Biodiversity is a source for potential medicines. 7. Low biodiversity results in low stability (meaning that the environment can be destroyed easily) 8. The ozone shield protects us from the damaging and cancercausing ultraviolet radiation (UV rays) 9. When decisions are made about the environment, the community has to consider the trade-offs (the good and bad results of their decision) 10. Renewable resources can be replaced. Examples: wind energy, solar energy. 11. Non renewable resources are limited (aka: finite). Examples: gas, oil, coal.