General issues. Rational Drug Design lecture 1

Transcription

1 Rational Drug Design lecture 1 Łukasz Berlicki General issues lukasz.berlicki@pwr.edu.pl consultations: room 322a/A2, Monday, Thursday, AM TEST, January 22 nd, 3.15PM Additional tests: Attendance is obligatory 1

2 Drug Design Drug discovery is a noble profession but is poorly understood by the public. J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56, Criticism of pharmaceutical industry Profit over all High prices of drugs Poor access to drugs Delays in access to generic drugs Inadequate marketing Low innovation Low expenditures for research and development 2

3 New drugs Innovative drug is one of the most technically complicated product on the planet. Expenditure Expenditures on research and development as percent of income R&D Apple: 3% 3

4 Expenditure Expenditures on research and development in pharmaceutical industry Expenditures in Europe Expenditures on research and development in European countries 0.76% 4

5 Number of new compounds In spite of increasing expenditure, the number of new compounds is NOT increasing. Expense of introduction of new drug Expense of introduction of new drug is constantly increasing. 1.5 billion USD New drug HAS TO BE better then all others present on the market. 5

6 The process of drug development Identification of molecular TARGET biomolecule is important for disease Identification of active molecule (HIT) new compound interacts with molecular target Optimization of active molecule (LEAD) new compound is active and bioavailable Preclinical tests compound is safe and effective for animals Clinical tests compound is safe and effective for human Molecular target identification These is ca active compounds, which acts on 324 molecular targets. It was estimated on the basis of genome analysis that proteins can be druggable targets. 25% of known drugs do not have known molecular targets and/or mode of action! 6

7 Hit identification High-throughput screening, HTS Structure-based methods; the biggest database of molecular structures contains ca. 1 billion of molecules. Optimization Activity Bioavailability Toxicity Analogue synthesis in vitro tests 7

8 Preclinical and clinical studies Preclinical studies toxicity and effectiveness on animals Clinical studies on humans Phase I on small group (20-80), estimation of safety, range of doses and side effects Phase II on medium group ( ), estimation of effectiveness and safety Phase III large group ( ), confirmation of effectiveness, monitoring of side effects, comparison with other therapies Phase IV studies after introduction on market. Preclinical and clinical studies 8

9 Clinical studies Distribution of expenditure Clinical studies cost is the highest 9

10 Incomes Incomes of Top10 companies (2012, mln USD) 1 Pfizer $51,214 2 Novartis $46,732 3 Merck $40,601 4 Sanofi $38,259 5 GlaxoSmithKline $33,787 6 AstraZeneca $27,973 7 Johnson & Johnson $25,351 8 Abbott Laboratories $23,133 9 Eli Lilly & Co. $20, Teva $18,535 KGHM, $3,100 10

11 Companies Merging of companies 11

12 Top10 drugs - Blockbusters Name disease Year income/year [mln $] Lipitor dyslipidemia Plavix atherosclerosis Humira autoimmune Seretide astma Enbrel autoimmune Abilify schizofrenia Crestor dyslipidemia Rituxan autoimmune Remicade autoimmune Losec dyslipidemia Timeline of new drug introduction 12

13 Patent cliff Time [months] Drugs which lose patent protection Loss of patent protection can cause significant decrease of company incomes Year Drug Income [billon $] Company 13

14 Causes of death Diseases of circulatory system and neoplasms are major causes of death Causes of death - continents 14

15 Main areas of biggest pharma companies Drugs for rare diseases Kalydeco (Vertex), drug against some types of cystic fibrosis Ca cases in USA Cost of therapy USD/year 15

16 New drugs Sales of new drugs according to region Expenditure on health 16

17 Life expectancy New drugs increases life expectancy significantly Pharmaceutical industry in Poland 17

18 Expenditure on drugs per person 11/6/2017 Pharmaceutical markets in Europe Advanced markets Chasing markets Increasing markets Velocity of increase of markets Generic drugs Percentage of sales of generic drugs Mean price per drug 18

19 Top10 companies in Poland by value by number of drugs Top10 korporacji farmaceutycznych No Type Name Sales (mln PLN) No of products 19

20 Placement of pharma industry in Poland Employment Number of persons employed in pharmaceutical industry in Europe 20

21 Medium salary Pharma Processing mean Great place to work 21

22 Summary Introduction of new drug on market is expensive (1-1.5 billion USD) and long (10-20 years), Expenditures on research and development in pharmaceutical industry and high. Poland is large pharmaceutical market but expenditures on R&D and small. 22