applications biomedical Diamond-based materials for jpppsir- Edited by R. Narayan WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

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1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials: Number 55 Diamond-based materials for biomedical applications Edited by R. Narayan WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING jpppsir- ^ Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials ix xiii Part I Introduction to diamond-based materials for medical applications 1 1 Introduction to medical applications of diamond particles and surfaces 3 R. J. Narayan and R. D. Boekm, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, USA and A. V. Sumant, Argonne National Laboratory, USA 1.1 Introduction Growth of synthetic diamond Diamond-based medical devices Functionalization of nanodiamond and nanocrystalline diamond ] Drug delivery using nanodiamond Imaging with nanodiamond Conclusion Acknowledgments References 20 2 Functionalization of diamond surfaces for medical applications 25 S. Szunerits and R. Boukherroub, Universite Lille 1, France 2.1 Introduction Electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts Photochemical modification Preparation of amine-tenninated diamond surfaces Preparation of oxygen-terminated diamond surfaces Conclusion and future trends References 41

3 vi Contents 3 Biotribology and biological behaviour of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coatings for medical applications 48 M. Amaral, University of Aveiro, Portugal 3.1 Introduction to nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) NCD-coated silicon nitride ceramics as new materials for joint replacement Growth and characterization of NCD films deposited on SLN, substrates 51 J Biotribology of NCD coatings Biological behaviour ofncd-coated Si3N4 ceramics References 67 4 Blood compatibility of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings 71 M. Fedel, University of Trento, Italy 4.1 Introduction Diamond-like carbon (DLC) structure, properties and applications Deposition techniques for DLC films DLC blood compatibility Modified DLC films Biomedical applications of DLC coatings Conclusion and future trends References 97 Part II Biomedical applications of diamond-based materials Nanostructured diamond coatings for orthopaedic applications 105 S. A. Catledge, V. Thomas and Y. K. Vohra, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA 5.1 Introduction Ultra-hard carbon coatings Wear measurements for ceramic-based orthopaedic implants Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and their interactions with nanostructured diamond surfaces Macrophage cell interactions to diamond wear debris In vivo evaluation of nanostructured diamond surfaces Future trends Acknowledgements References 141

4 Contents vii 6 Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films for ophthalmologics! applications Auciello and P. Gurman, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, A. Berra, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina, M. Saravia, Hospital Austral, Argentina and R. Zysler, Centre Atomico Bariloche, Argentina 6.1 Introduction The use of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films as coatings in the restoration of sight in people blinded by degenerated photoreceptors The use of UNCD films in the treatment of glaucoma Integrated magnet/superparamagnetic nanoparticles interacting system for new treatment of retina detachment Conclusions Acknowledgments References Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) for neural applications 171 Y-C. Chen, National Hsinchu University of Education, Taiwan and Harvard Medical School, USA, D-C. Lee, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, Taiwan, N-H. Tai, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan, I-M. Cmu, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, Taiwan, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan and The Ohio State University, USA 7.1 Introduction Mechanism aspects of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD)/neural cell interactions Methods of guiding neurons Neural and retinal prostheses References Nanodiamonds for drug delivery systems 186 A. E. Mengesha, Drake University, USA and B-B. C. Youan, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA 8.1 Introduction Surface modification of diamond nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting Development of nanodiamond-based drug delivery for proteins Development of nanodiamond-based drug delivery for genes 8.5 Development of nanodiamond-based drug delivery for low molecular weight therapeutic agents

5 viii Contents 8.6 Biocompatibility, biodistribution and biological fate of nanodiamonds Conclusions References Diamond nucleation and seeding techniques for tissue regeneration 206 A. Kromka, O. Babchenko, S. Potocky, B. Rezek, A. Sveshnikov and P. Demo, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic and T. Izak and M. Varga, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic and Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovak Republic 9.1 Introduction Diamond nucleation Methods for diamond nucleation and seeding Bias enhanced nucleation in hot filament chemical vapour deposition Ultrasonic seeding Seeding using a polymer composite Spontaneous nucleation Biological and tissue engineering applications Acknowledgements References Diamond materials for microfluidic devices 256 A. Karczemska, Lodz University of Technology, Polarid 10.1 Introduction Materials for the manufacture of microfluidic devices Diamond microfluidic devices Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgments References 269 Index 273