Promoting Innovation and Industrial Competitiveness through Nanotechnology Lloyd Whitman. Deputy Director

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1 Promoting Innovation and Industrial Competitiveness through Nanotechnology Lloyd Whitman Deputy Director APEC 2011, March 10, 2011

2 In the Minds of the USA Founding Fathers Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended to. George Washington, State of the Union Address, 1790 From the U. S. Constitution National Bureau of Standards established by Congress in 1901 Became the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1988 Mission: To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement nanoscale measurement science, standards, science, standards, technology and nanotechnology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

3 NIST At A Glance Major Assets 2,800 employees 2,600 associates and facilities users 1,600 field staff in partner organizations 400 NIST staff serving on 1,000 national & international standards committees Geoffrey Wheeler Major Programs NIST Laboratories and User Facilities Baldrige Performance Excellence Program Manufacturing Extension Partnership Technology Innovation Program Robert Rathe

4 NIST October 2010 Realignment Research consolidated in four Laboratories and two User Facilities NIST Director Associate Director for Innovation and Industry Services Associate Director for Laboratory Programs (and Principal Deputy) Associate Director for Management Resources Material Measurement Laboratory Physical Measurement Laboratory Engineering Laboratory Information Technology Laboratory Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology NIST Center for Neutron Research Metrology Laboratories Technology Laboratories User Facilities NIST Overview

5 NIST 2010 Budget Total Resources = $1027.3M Appropriations = $856.6M Nanotechnology = $114.4M (by Program Component Area ) $22.8M $147M Construction of Research Facilities** $195M Industrial Technology Services $122M Other Fed. Agency $50M Res. Other $91.6M Nanotech. $515M Scientific & Technical Research & Services* $22.5M Nanoscale Devices & Systems $8.4M Nanomaterials $22.4M Fundamental Phenomena & Processes $19.1M Instrument Research, Metrology, & Stand. s $27.2M Nanomanufacturing *Includes $10.5M congressionally-directed projects ** Includes $47M congressionally-directed projects and $20M for construction grants $3.6M Environmental Health & Safety $11.2M Major Research Facilities & Instr. Acquisition

6 NIST Nanotechnology Strategy Perform NIST s traditional roles Discipline oriented laboratory research Workshops to identify industry needs Standards setting (physical & documentary) Calibrations Form public-private partnerships Nanoelectronics Research Initiative College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, NY Operate a multidisciplinary user facility, including a shared resource for nanofab. Support nanotechnology through research & construction grants Coordinate and collaborate with industry stakeholders, other US federal Agencies and international partners

7 NIST Nanotechnology Workshops NIST regularly holds workshops to identify industry needs The New Steel? Enabling the Carbon Nanomaterials Revolution: Markets, Metrology, Safety, and Scale-up (2/28-3/1/11) NIST Workshop on Wires, Whiskers and Walls: Energy Applications at the Nanoscale (9/10) The 4th Carbon Nanotube Workshop: Measurement & Control of Chirality (9/10) Washington Metro Region Nanotech Partnership Forum (9/10) Grand Challenges for Advanced PV Technologies & Measurements (5/10) Nano-Optics Plasmonics (4/10) Calibrations & Standards for Nanomechanical Measurements (6/09) Frontiers of Characterization & Metrology for Nanoelectronics (5/09) Global Workshop on Nanoscale Measurement Challenges for Energy Applications (4/09) NIST-ERDC Joint Workshop on Nano-Silver (4/09)

8 NIST Nanotechnology Standards NIST develops and evaluates nanoscale reference materials and metrology standards, including: Gold nanoparticle reference materials available (10, 30, 60 nm) Polystyrene nanoparticles (60, 100 nm) Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide Nanoporous controlled-pore glass (18 nm pores) SWCNT nanotube reference materials (2011) Powder (in raw soot), length-sorted suspension, bucky paper Silver nanoparticles (under development) Ref. standards for lithography, electron microscopy Reference materials and components for quantitative AFM measurements (dimensional metrology and force)

9 NIST Nanotechnology Leadership NIST provides leadership and technical expertise to standards development International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 229 (TC 229) Nanotechnologies International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 113 (TC 113) Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems ASTM Committee E56 on Nanotechnology IEEE Nanotechnology Council Standards Committee Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Working Party on Nanotechnology Working Party for Manufactured Nanomaterials US National Nanotechnology Initiative Working Groups

10 NIST International Goals Measurement and standards infrastructure that enables global market access for U.S. products Global leadership in measurement science as a foundation for emerging technologies Harmonized standards and transparent regulatory regimes Support for US Foreign Policy Objectives These goals all apply to NIST s nanotechnology program.

11 Extramural Nanotechnology Support Technology Innovation Program $22.8M in 2009 grants, primarily to small companies to further advances in commercial-scale processes for manufacturing nanomaterials and nanocomposites Additional $3M nano-related award made in 2010 See ARRA Construction Grants Program ( ) NIST awarded >$65M to seven U.S. universities to help fund construction of nanotechnology research facilities U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor U. of California, Los Angeles U. of Pittsburgh U. of Maine U. of Maryland, College Park U. of Nebraska, Lincoln Georgetown U.

12 NIST Nanotechnology Research Discipline oriented research flows as logical extension of responsibility for measurement on larger scales: Milli micro nano Strong nano programs in: meter nanometer Characterization & metrology Electronics Energy* Magnetics Photonics & Plasmonics Mechanics Materials and Chemistry Fabrication and Manufacturing* Environmental, Health & Safety* Biotechnology Theory & modeling Simulation & visualization *Program growth areas

13 NIST Program in Nanomaterial Environmental, Health, and Safety NIST funding for Nano-EHS: FY2009: $3.5 M FY2010: $3.6 M FY2011: $7.6 M total request NIST focus is on measurement methodologies and models for Determining dynamic physico-chemical and toxicological properties of key nanomaterials in relevant media (air, water, soil, bio) Release of these nanomaterials during manufacturing processes and from products throughout full product life cycles Expected outputs: Reference materials, reference data, documentary standards, methodologies, analytical tools, and instruments

14 The NIST CNST Established in 2007 to develop nanoscale measurement and fabrication methods specifically to advance nanotechnology from discovery to production Operates a national, shared resource, the NanoFab, with world-class nanoscale fabrication and measurement capabilities easily accessible to all, including industry photo courtesy HDR Architecture, Inc./Steve Hall Hedrich Blessing photo courtesy HDR Architecture, Inc./Steve Hall Hedrich Blessing Conducts multidisciplinary research to create the next generation of nanoscale measurement instruments, made available through collaboration Serves as a hub linking the external nanotechnology community to the nanotechnology-related measurement expertise at NIST (nano@nist.gov)

15 The CNST in Brief The CNST provides industry, academia, NIST, and other government agencies access to world-class nanoscale measurement and fabrication methods and technology A User Facility with a unique, hybrid design The NanoFab is a shared resource with commercial state-of-the-art tools for nanofabrication, open to all Research staff advance nanotechnology by developing new measurement solutions, and support the NanoFab with expert consultation Budget: $23M (FY2010) Staff: Currently 97 (87 technical) Cooperative Agreement with the University of Maryland Nanocenter Contributes to all phases of the CNST mission Like NSFsupported, university nanocenters Like DOE nanocenters

16 The CNST NanoFab A national, state-of-the-art, shared resource for the fabrication and measurement of nanostructures 60,000 ft 2 (5600 m 2 ) of labs and cleanroom 19,000 ft 2 (1800 m 2 ) cleanroom; 8,000 ft 2 (750 m 2 ) at class 100 Over 65 tools (~$30M), including advanced lithography and microscopy Talented staff to train users or operate the tools 240+ staff-years of process development experience Links to extensive measurement resources in the NIST Laboratories and Centers Leverages the expensive tools needed for nanotechnology through cost sharing

17 Using the CNST NanoFab The Nanofab is available for nanofabrication and nanoscale measurement Part of the CNST User Facility Based on highly successful, fee-based NNIN Nanocenter model Open to all, including industry, government, and academia A simple application is all that is required Association with a NIST project or staff member is not required Hourly rates based on operating costs; similar to those at universities Researchers may apply for reduced rates If project advances CNST and NIST missions, net charges similar to university academic rates; CNST pays the balance from its research budget. The NanoFab will train researchers in tool use Alternatively, work can performed by staff at additional cost Users maintain IP rights for sole and joint inventions For more info, contact the NanoFab Manager, Vincent Luciani (Vincent.Luciani@nist.gov)

18 Nanoscale Measurement Needs of the Future New measurement technologies are needed to address: Post-CMOS Electronics Extend the electronics enterprise Nanophotonics Enhance communications, lighting, and inspection Nano-enhanced energy Optimize the first step in conversion, storage, transport Nanomanufacturing Allow industry to capitalize on discovery Nano-biotechnology and nano-medicine New diagnostics and therapeutics to improve outcomes and reduce cost Nano-EHS Science-based regulation to protect the population and reduce risk for commercial innovation Research 18

19 Research Expertise Developing measurement and fabrication capabilities, with current priorities in: Future Electronics: Nanoscale devices, architectures, interconnects Nanomanufacturing and Nanofabrication: Top-down and bottom-up fabrication and assembly Energy: Conversion, storage, and transport at nanostructured interfaces Provides access to beyond state-of-the-commercial-art equipment and measurement through collaboration Designed to be agile: priority areas will change with NIST and national nanotechnology needs Integrated tightly with the NanoFab, providing expert consultation and beyond-state-of-the-art measurement capabilities Complements and supports the NIST Laboratory programs

20 Core Measurement Expertise Atomic Scale Characterization and Manipulation Fabrication & measurement of geometric &electronic structure of materials with atomic resolution using UHV cryogenic/high magnetic field STM (Joe Stroscio) Electro-fluidic Control of Nanoparticles Feedback control-based techniques using electrically-drivenfluid flows for controlling the position, and orientation of nanoparticles (Ben Shapiro) Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Development of environmental cell S/TEM, combining atomic-scale resolution with dynamic chemical analysis (Renu Sharma) Laser-atom Manipulation Laser control of atomic motion and its application to new nanofabrication and nanoscale measurement methods (Jabez McClelland) Modeling and Simulation of Nanofabrication Modeling, simulation, and analysis of the physics and metrology of both lithographic and selfassembly based nanofabrication methods (Gregg Gallatin) Nanofabrication Methods to create & characterize processes in both top-down & bottom-up nanofabrication, from high-fidelity resists, to template-driven self-assembly (J. Alexander Liddle) Nanomagnet Dynamics Dynamic measurement methods and supporting modeling for characterization of magnetic properties and spin polarized transport in magnetic nanostructures. (Bob McMichael)

21 Core Measurement Expertise Nanomagnetic Imaging (SEMPA) Development and application of scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA) for measuring magnetic structure from mm to nm length scales (John Unguris) Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Conversion Characterization of charge and matter transport in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices based on novel nanomaterials and nanostructures (Alec Talin) Nanophotonics Fabrication of optical nanostructures and development of near-field probes and microphotoluminesence systems to measure light-matter interactions (Kartik Srinivasan) Nanoplasmonics Design/fab. of plasmonic systems that confine and control light at the nanoscale for deep sub-wavelength metrology, spectroscopy, lithography, & info. processing (Henri Lezec) Nanoscale Electronic and Ionic Transport Novel probes for characterizing light-matter interaction and charge and energy transfer at the nanoscale, and their application to electronic and ionic transport (Nikolai Zhitenev) Fluctuations and Nanoscale Control Measurement techniques for characterizing and controlling fluctuations in nanoscale systems (Andrew Berglund) Nanotribology and Nanomanufacturing Techniques to quantify nanoscale frictional energy dissipation and tailor interactions between nano-objects for nanomanufacturing devices and systems (Rachel Cannara)

22 Core Measurement Expertise Optical Micro/Nanoelectromechanical Systems Integrated optical MEMS with nanoscale elements (NEMS) for novel imaging, metrology, manipulation, and assembly techniques (Vladimir Aksyuk) Theory, Modeling, and Simulation of Nanostructures Fundamental calculations that broadly elucidate the properties of nanostructures, ranging from magnetic materials and devices, to superconductors, to graphene (Mark Stiles) Theory and Modeling of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Calculations of electric, thermal, and ionic transport for materials and nanostructures used in energy-relevant applications, such as photovoltaics and thermoelectrics (Paul Haney) Thermoelectrics and Photovoltaics Characterization of charge and phonon transport in nanostructured thermoelectrics, and the impact of defects on transport and conversion in inorganic photovoltaics (Fred Sharifi) Nanomaterials for Solar Fuels and Artificial Photosynthesis Methods to correlate structure and performance of nanocatalysts for solar fuels, and biotemplated approaches to artificial photosynthesis and nanofabrication (Veronika Szalai) Vibrational Spectroscopy and Microscopy Development and application of new spectroscopic methods, including infrared imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution, for characterizing nanomaterials with infrared and Raman spectroscopy (Andrea Centrone)

23 Number of Research Participants Growing Rapidly Research Participant Growth FY2010 Research Participants Other Gov., 105 Industry, 115 NIST, 311 Academia, Now over 1000 RPs. FY2010 Institutions Represented (210) Companies: 53 Universities: 133 Gov. Labs: 24 States Represented: 38 plus DC

24 Ways to Work with NIST Informal collaborations: joint peer-reviewed papers, short-term visits to NIST laboratories, sharing of research methods User Facilities: The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) and the Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) are unique national facilities available for both proprietary and non-proprietary research Guest Researcher Arrangements: Opportunities for qualified individuals to work at NIST with NIST staff on projects of mutual interest Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs): Formal partnering agreement that allows federal laboratories to work with U.S. companies, academic institutions, and other organizations Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Program: Students majoring in science, mathematics, and engineering are invited to apply to spend a summer working at NIST Other Agency Agreements: Measurement science in support of other agency missions

25 Thank you for your attention!