Assessment of Genetic Variability and Character Association in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Genotypes

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1 Available online at Choudhary et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (5): (2017) ISSN: DOI: ISSN: Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (5): (2017) Research Article Assessment of Genetic Variability and Character Association in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Genotypes Madhu Choudhary *, D. K. Gothwal, Ravi Kumawat and Kana Ram Kumawat Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India *Corresponding Author anamikaz0129@gmail.com Received: Revised: Accepted: ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted during rabi at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner with 48 genotypes of fenugreek in randomized block design with three replications to estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and character association for nine quantitative characters. The analysis of variance showed mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters indicated that considerable amount of genetic variability was present in the experimental material. In general, the PCV were higher than the corresponding GCV for all the characters studied, which indicated effect of environments on the character expression. High estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for pods per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height. The estimates of broad sense heritability were high for seeds per pod followed by plant height, pods per plant, pod length, days to maturity and seed yield per plant. Genetic advance as percentage of mean was high for pods per plant and seed yield per plant. High estimates of PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance were found for pods per plant and seed yield per plant indicating additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. The association analysis revealed that seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, pods per plant and 1000-seed weight. On the basis of the present study, it is suggested that in breeding programmes major emphasis should be given during selection for pods per plant and 1000-seed weight as these had good positive correlation with seed yield per plant. Key word: Variability, Heritability, Genetic advance, Character association, Fenugreek. INTRODUCTION Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual self-pollinated diploid species 3 popularly grown by its vernacular name methi, belonging to the sub-family Papilionaceae of the family Fabaceae. The place of origin of fenugreek supposed to between Iran and North India 20. India is a leading producer and consumer of fenugreek for its culinary uses and medicinal application. Cite this article: Choudhary, M., Gothwal, D.K., Kumawat, R. and Kumawat, K.R., Assessment of Genetic Variability and Character Association in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Genotypes, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(5): (2017). doi: Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1485

2 In India, it is mainly cultivated in Rajasthan, inherited and highly affected by environment, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar it is difficult to judge whether the observed Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana with variability is heritable or not. Heritability is a total area of hectares and production suitable measure for assessing the magnitude of metric tonnes 1. Fenugreek seed of genetic portion of total variability and contains carbohydrates (48%), proteins genetic advance aids to make improvement in (25.5%), mucilaginous matter (20.0%), fats crop by selection for various characters. Thus, (7.9%) and saponins (4.8%) 13. Fenugreek the estimation of heritability accompanied seeds are generally found in most blends of with genetic advance is generally more useful curry powder, spice mixes, meat products and than heritability alone in prediction of the also serves as a soil renovating crop. The resultant effect for selecting the best fenugreek seeds are bitter in taste due to individuals 5. Hence, analyzing the nature and presence of an alkaloid Trigonellin and magnitude of the heritable genetic variation potential use of fenugreek is for extraction of present in the material is necessary. diosgenin, which has importance to the Understanding of the association of different pharmaceutical industry. Diosgenin is a steroid component characters towards yield forms the precursor, which is used as a basic material in basic requirement for any selection the synthesis of sex hormones and programme. The genotypic correlation contraceptives. It is used in certain Ayurvedic provides the association for the heritable part medicines to treat flatulence, dysentery, and shows the true picture of effective enlargement of lever span, gout, headache, selection. Therefore, the present research study deafness, baldness, leucorrhoea, mouth ulcer, was conducted to find out the genetic abdominal pain, kidney problem, chapped lips, variability, heritability, genetic advance and diabetes, colic, dropsy, spleen, heart disease character association between different pairs and obesity etc. Seeds are considered to be a of characters for developing high yielding restorative, used for relief in joints pains fenugreek genotypes. particularly of old age, promote milk flow and have aphrodisiacal properties. Fenugreek can MATERIALS AND METHODS be grown under wide range of climatic The experiment was carried out with 48 conditions. The productivity of the crop is low genotypes of fenugreek selected from the due to many limiting factors such as its germplasm collection of AICRP on Spices at cultivation on marginal lands with poor Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of fertility, lack of superior genotypes or Agriculture, Jobner (20º 6 N, 75º 25 E and improved cultivars for use in breeding 420 m above sea level) raised in a randomized programme to develop potential hybrids. So, block design with three replications. In each there is need for development of new varieties replication, each genotype was sown in a with high productivity. A study on variability single row plot of 3 m length. The row to row available in the material is the prerequisite for and plant to plant distance was maintained 30 initiating a varietal development programme. cm and 10 cm, respectively. Five plants were Improvement in any crop is proportional to the randomly selected and tagged before flowering magnitude of its genetic variability present in from each plot to record the observations on germplasm. Greater the variability in a plant height (cm), branches per plant, pods per population, the greater chance for effective plant, pod length (cm), seeds per pod, selection for desirable types 21. Yield is a seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g). complex character governed by several other Data on days to 50% flowering and days to yield attributing characters. Since, most of the maturity were however, recorded on whole yield attributing characters are quantitatively plot basis. The crop was raised as per the Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1486

3 recommended package of practices. The coefficients of variation were estimated analysis of variance was carried out as per the according to the Burton 2 and Johnson et al. 5 by procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme 10. using the following formulae: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation using the following formulae: 2 g GCV = x 100 X 2 p PCV = x 100 X Where, 2 g = genotypic variance, 2 p = phenotypic variance, X = character mean Heritability in broad sense was estimated as per the following formula given by Johnson et al g Heritability (h 2 bs) = x p Where, 2 g = genotypic variance, 2 p = phenotypic variance The expected genetic advance for each character was calculated according to the following formulae suggested by Johnson et al. 5. Genetic advance (GA) = h 2.k. P Genetic advance as percentage of mean = x 100 Where, h 2 = heritability in broad sense, k = intensity of selection at 5% (k = 2.06), P = phenotypic standard deviation and X = general mean of character The character association between different pairs of characters at the phenotypic and genotypic levels was calculated from the phenotypic, genotypic and environmental components of variances and co-variances as Cov xy(p) r P = Var x(p) x Var y(p) described by Singh and Chaudhary 19 as per formulae given by Johnson et al. 5. Phenotypic correlation coefficient (r P ) between character x and y Genotypic correlation coefficient (r G ) between character x and y Cov xy(g) r G = Var x(g) x Var y(g) Cov xy(p) and Cov xy(g) denote genotypic and phenotypic co-variances between characters x and y, respectively. Var x(p) and Var x(g) denote phenotypic and genotypic variances for character x and Var y(p) and Var y(g) denote phenotypic and genotypic variance for character y, respectively. The significance of correlation coefficient was tested using the r table. The calculated value of r were compared with tabulated value of r at n-2 degree of freedom at p = 0.05 and 0.01 levels, where n = number of genotypes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1487

4 The analysis of variance revealed significant which improvement is possible after selection. difference among the genotypes for all the Estimates of heritability provide a useful guide characters (Table 1). This suggested that the to the breeder. The breeder is able to material had adequate variability and response appreciate the proportion of variation that is to selection may be accepted in the breeding due to the genotype (broad sense heritability) programme for seed yield or any of its or additive (narrow sense heritability) effects supporting characters. These results are in i.e. the heritable portion of variation of the first agreement with the findings of Singh and case and the portion of genotypic variation that Kaur 18, Verma and Ali 22, Yadav et al. 24, Kole is fixable in pure lines in the later case. If et al. 6, Sharma et al. 16 and Singh and Naula 17. heritability of a character is high (> 60%), The mean, range and coefficient of variation selection for such a characters should be fairly (CV) for yield and yield attributing characters easy. This is because there would be close are presented in Table 2. The range was wider correspondence between genotypic and for pods per plant followed by plant height and phenotypic variation due to a relatively smaller days to maturity. High estimates of contribution of environment to the phenotype, coefficients of variation were observed for but for a character with a low heritability (< seed yield per plant, pods per plant, branches 40%), selection may be considerably difficult per plant and 1000-seed weight. Thus, or virtually impractical due to masking effect selection might be more effective for these of environment on the genotypic effect 5. In characters because the response to selection is present investigation, broad sense heritability directly proportional to the variability present was observed to be high for seeds per pod in the experimental material. followed by plant height, pods per plant, pod The genotypic and phenotypic length, days to maturity and seed yield per coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV), plant, which is in close agreement with earlier broad sense heritability (%) and genetic reports of Sarada et al. 15, Naik et al. 9, Sharma advance as percentage of mean for yield and et al. 16 and Wojo et al 23. The high estimate of yield attributing characters are presented in genetic advance as percentage of mean was Table 3. GCV and PCV parameters are useful obtained for pods per plant and seed yield per in detecting the amount of variability present plant and lower for branches per plant, pod in the available genotypes. The PCV were length, days to 50% flowering and days to found higher than the corresponding GCV for maturity. Johnson et al. 5 has pointed out that all the characters studied, which indicated that heritability estimates along with genetic effect of environments on the character advance were more useful than heritability expression. The GCV and PCV were highest estimates alone in predicting the response to for pods per plant and seed yield per plant selection. Therefore, high heritability (> 60%) therefore, selection might be more effective coupled with high genetic advance as for these characters. Whereas, they were percentage of mean (> 20%) was more reliable moderate for characters like plant height, to determine the relative merits of different 1000-seed weight and branches per plant. The characters that can be further utilized in the lowest GCV and PCV were recorded for seeds selection programme. In the present study, per pod, pod length, days to 50% flowering high heritability coupled with high genetic and days to maturity, which indicated that advance as percentage of mean were observed selection might not be effective for these for pods per plant and seed yield per plant characters. Similar results were also reported which indicated that these characters might be by Sarada et al. 15, Prajapati et al. 12, Kumari et under the control of additive gene action and al. 7 and Sharma et al. 16. selection for these characters might be Heritability and genetic advance help effective. Pod length, branches per plant, days in determining the influences of environment to 50% flowering and days to maturity had on expression of the characters and extent to moderate to low heritability and low genetic Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1488

5 advance as percentage of mean. These findings correlation coefficient varies with the genetic are in agreement with earlier reports of Sarada material being evaluated. The phenotypic et al. 14, Naik et al. 9, Patahk et al. 11 and Sharma correlations in general were stronger as et al. 16. compared to genotypic correlations, this Depending upon the variability, heritability indicated the strong effect of environment on and genetic advance estimates, it could be the expression of characters. Significance was predicted that improvement by direct selection tested at phenotypic level only. The was possible in fenugreek for pods per plant associations at phenotypic level are generally and seed yield per plant. considered, as there is no tangible test for knowing the statistical significance of Success of any breeding programme correlation at genotypic level depends upon the efficiency of the selection.. The seed yield per plant had positive and significant Selection cannot be applied on the basis of association with plant height (0.219), pods per single character because most of the characters plant (0.783) and 1000-seed weight (0.341), are polygenic in nature and are influenced by whereas days to maturity (-0.166) and seeds each other. The values of all possible per pod (-0.173) expressed negative and correlation coefficients among morphological significant association with seed yield per characters at phenotypic and genotypic levels plant. Reports of Mahey et al. were calculated and are presented in Table 4., Singh and Kaur The direction of phenotypic and genotypic, Sarada et al. 15, Jain et al. 4 and Kumari et al. correlation coefficients was similar for most of supported the above findings. On the basis of the present study, it is the character combinations. Genetic suggested that in breeding programmes major correlation provides information about degree emphasis should be given during selection for and direction of association between two or pods per plant and 1000-seed weight as these more than two variables. It may result due to had good positive correlation with seed yield genetic causes, such as pleiotropic effect or per plant. linkage or it may also be due to environmental causes. The magnitude and direction of S. No. Table 1: Mean sum of squares for different characters in fenugreek d.f. Days to Days to Plant Branches Pods per Pod Seeds 50% maturity height per plant plant length per flowering (cm) (cm) pod Source of variation seed Seed yield weight per (g) plant (g) 1 Replications Genotypes ** 19.08** 75.80** 0.42** ** 0.59** 2.46** 1.79** 3.74** 3 Error ** represents significant at 1% level of significance Table 2: Grand mean, range and coefficient of variation (CV %) for yield and its attributes in fenugreek Range S. No. Character Mean CV % Minimum Maximum 1 Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Branches per plant Pods per plant Pod length (cm) Seeds per pod seed weight (g) Seed yield per plant (g) Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1489

6 Table 3: Genotypic and Phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV), heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as percentage of mean for yield and its attributes in fenugreek S. No. Character GCV PCV h 2 bs (%) GA as % of mean 1 Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Branches per plant Pods per plant Pod length (cm) Seeds per pod seed weight (g) Seed yield per plant (g) Table 4: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients between different characters in fenugreek Character Correlation Days to maturity Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Branches per plant Pods per plant Pod length (cm) Seeds per pod 1000-seed weight (g) Plant height (cm) Branches per plant Pods per plant Pod length (cm) Seeds per pod seed weight (g) Seed yield per plant (g) G P 0.539** ** G P ** ** * G P ** ** G P * 0.245** G P ** ** G P 0.404** G P * G P 0.341** *and** refers to significant at P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively and G= Genotypic correlation, P=Phenotypic correlation CONCLUSION Based on the present investigation on genetic variability, it may be concluded that there were highly significant differences among fenugreek genotypes for all the characters studied. This suggested that the material had adequate variability and response to selection may be accepted in the breeding programmes for seed yield or any of its supporting characters. The characters like pods per plant and seed yield per plant showed high amount of genetic variability along with heritability and genetic advance indicating that most likely the heritability is due to additive gene effects and selection may be effective in early generations for these characters. This reveals that there is a greater scope for improving these characters by simple phenotypic selection. Correlation studies provide information on the nature and extent of association between any two pairs of metric characters. Thus, it could be possible to bring about genetic upgradation in one character by selection of the other character. In present study, it is suggested that in breeding programmes, major emphasis should be given to selection of pods per plant and 1000-seed weight as these had good correlation with seed yield per plant. The genotypes showed variability at phenotypic level and some of Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1490

7 them also showed suitable agronomic performance and can be used to broaden the genetic base of breeding programmes. Acknowledgement The author thanks to the Head of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics of the Institute and the Incharge, AICRP on Seed Spices for their support and help. REFERANCES 1. Anonymous, Indian Horticulture Database, National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Gurgaon, ( ). 2. Burton, G.W, Quantitative Inheritance in Grasses, Proceedings of 6 th International Grassland Congress, 1: (1952). 3. Frayer, J.R., Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Plants, George Allen and Urwin, London, 519 (1930). 4. Jain, A., Singh, B., Solanki, R., Saxena, S.N. and Kakani, R.K., Genetic Variability and Character Association in Fenugreek, International Journal of Seed Spices, 3(2): (2013). 5. Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F. and Comstock, R.E., Estimate of Genetic and Environmental Variability in Soybeans, Agronomy Journal, 47(7): (1955). 6. Kole, P.C., Goswami, T. and Duary, B., Performance of Some Fenugreek Genotypes in Subhumid Subtropical Red Lateritic Belt of Eastern India, Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 16(4): (2014). 7. Kumari, J., Kulkarni, G.U. and Sharma, L.K., Studies on Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Frontiers in Crop Improvement Journal, 3(1): 46-48, (2015). 8. Mahey, J., Raje, R.S. and Singhania, D.L., Studies on Genetic Variability and Selection Criteria in F 3 Generation of a Cross in Fenugreek, Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 12(1): (2003). 9. Naik, A., Akhtar, S. and Pandey, V.P., Variability in Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield in Different Genotypes of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Grown during Winter Season, Environment and Ecology, 30(4): (2012). 10. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V., Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Publication, IV Enlarged Edition, (1985). 11. Patahk, A.R., Patel, A.I., Joshi, H.K. and Patel, D.A., Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Trends in Biosciences, 7(4): (2014). 12. Prajapati, D.B., Ravindrababu, Y. and Prajapati, B.H., Genetic Variability and Character Association in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 19(1): (2010). 13. Rao, P.U. and Sharma, R.D., An Evaluation of Protein Quality of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) and their Supplementary Effects, Food Chemistry, 24(1): 1-9, (1987). 14. Sarada, C., Giridhar, K. and Rao, N.H., Studies on Character Association in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 17(2), (2008b). 15. Sarada, C., Giridhar, K. and Rao, N.H., Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 17(2): , (2008a). 16. Sharma, N., Shekhawat, A.S., Malav, S. and Meena, C.P., Genetic Variability and Stress Susceptibility Index under Limited Moisture Condition in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Green Farming, 6(1): 37-40, (2015). 17. Singh, A. and Naula, R., Variability Parameters for Growth and Yield Characters in Fenugreek (Trigonella Spp.) Genotypes, International Journal of Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1491

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