Establishment of the Pacific oyster in Scandinavia Developing a common platform for monitoring and disease surveillance (?)

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2 Establishment of the Pacific oyster in Scandinavia Developing a common platform for monitoring and disease surveillance (?) Stein Mortensen Lisbeth S. Harkestad, Cecilie Skår, Torjan Bodvin Data from Swedish and Danish colleagues

3 1. Spreading of Pacific oysters a chronology 2. Identify a starting point (so we can handle the question what if the pathogens were already there? ) 3. Show you the plans for a network project... raise some questions...because we need your input...

4 Wild or farmed (or foodstuff)? Directive 2006/88/EC applies if there are interactions between wild and farmed potential disease transmission

5 Espevik, Tysnes, Norway around (?) oysters imported as food, relaid without water treatment no action from Norwegian authorities

6 Chronology The original situation Bergen Oslo (before 2000?) Göteborg Copenhagen

7 Known establishments around 2005 Bergen Oslo Göteborg Copenhagen

8 A massive invasion on the Swedish coast Bergen Oslo New findings in Norway and Denmark Göteborg Copenhagen

9 More surveys, more oysters found... Also reports from the public Bergen Oslo Göteborg Copenhagen

10 The spreading Warm summer 2006 massive spawnings in Denmark northward current Bergen Oslo Local spreading from aquaculture sites Göteborg Copenhagen

11 Pacific oysters reproduce even on the Norwegian west coast

12 Very high densities (in particular on the Swedish west coast) Up to 400 per square meter Photo Anna Lisa Wrange

13 A very cold winter Bestander flaskehals vinteren Foto: Pia Norling, NIVA

14 Foto: Anders Jelmert

15 Back to the sites after the ice

16 Almost total mortality on shallow water sites Some surviving Pacific oysters Photo Torjan Bodvin

17 Overlap... Also with blue mussels

18 Recording of mortalitites Bergen Mortality increasing with latitude, but not on the N west coast Oslo Göteborg Copenhagen

19 OsHV-1 analyses on surviving specimens collected during 2010 field work Real time PCR (Schikorski et al -assay) Low number of samples All negative The objective was to establish the method.

20 The present situation The establishment (at least in Sweden and Norway) may be considered a new event, based almost entirely on larval drift. Populations are set back. Biological / environmental bottleneck We have a starting point - Naïve populations Overlap interactions with native species (blue mussels and flat oysters

21 Hatchery production in Scandinavia Flat oysters SCALPRO Bømlo skjell - Norway Ostrea AB Sweden Dansk skalldyrcenter Denmark All suffering mortality of larvae and spat mainly unknown cause(s)

22 If pathogens are present in Scandinavian Pacific oysters... Transport and re-laying of Pacific oysters has not occurred (?) along the southern coast of Norway If OsHv-1: what is the origin? Larvae Reservoirs?

23 Scandinavian network Financiation: NORDEN, The Nordic Council of Ministers network project Participants need their own R&D activities, health surveillance programmes etc

24 Organisation Norway Institute of Marine Research, Bergen & Flødevigen Denmark Denmark Technical University, Copenhagen Sweden The Sven Lovén Centre, Tjärnö, Gothenburg University NETWORK: R&D, Industry, Management

25 Aim To link Scandinavian oyster research and deliver background data for aquaculture and coastal management. To establish a common model of monitoring the spreading of Pacific oysters in Scandinavia To assess risk of environmental impact and disease

26 Risk assessment and background data for management models WP1: Distribution and impact on the environment WP 2: Disease WP 3: Management models

27 Schedule Start spring partner meeting (meeting focus on hatchery production) Workshop 1 Background report, framework Application(s) for funding The Scandianvian situation seen from a Européan perspective Management strategy report

28 WP 2: Disease Background Directive 2006/88/EC EFSA scientific opinion on Pacific oyster mortalitues, EC regulations etc Our point of view the project network Challenge Funding Working model

29 Which pathogens? OsHv-1 Difficult to find in healthy stocks? Infects different bivalve species sample these? Mortality of larvae and spat. Thus relevant in both hatchery and poll production Vibrios (... But which?...) Parasites by histological examination. how to sample, where and how?

30 Background data for a risk assessments - For each pathogen identified Hosts and distribution Symptoms target organs Disease Spreading life cycle Diagnosis

31 Risk of disease transmission to other species? Herpesvirus May infect different species risk hatcheries Bacteria several pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio spp.). Host specific or not? Potential problem in hatcheries Nocardia Optimal conditions may apply uncertain relevance Haplosporidium present in C. gigas in Europe, unclear significance and host range? Perkinsus - unclear... is C. gigas a carrier? Microcytos unclear if present in Europe. Several species are susceptible. May occur...?

32 Harmonizing national labs Exchange and training of personnel. Session on oyster diseases in workshop Harmonize laboratory methods (PCR assays). Exchange of personnell Reference material (histology) Include Reference lab in network

33 Will the Pacific oyster be farmed in Scandinavia?

34 YES SCALPRO is planning a hatchery production At present, Pacific oysters may only be commercialized from areas free of OsHv-1 We should know the status of the Scandinavian hatcheries OsHv-1 is not causing a notifiable disease! who pays for the surveillance...?

35 Thanks for your attention