Duncanrig Secondary School

Transcription

1 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School Duncanrig Secondary School National 4 Biology Unit 1 Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells Pupils Activity Booklet

2 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 2 What you should know by the end of this unit: The meaning of the term gene and describe its role in protein synthesis. The meaning of the term plasmid. The meaning of the term genetic engineering. During genetic engineering genes can be transferred from one organism to another. The meaning of the term reprogrammed bacteria. The steps involved in the genetic engineering process. Examples of genetic engineered products and their use. The reason for the ever increasing need for genetically engineered insulin or other products such as Factor (VIII) or Human Growth Hormone. Advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. The meaning of stem cell technology and the benefits of this technology. Skills that you should be able to carry out by the end of this unit are: Construct a table Calculate an average Work as part of a group and take responsibility to support the work of the group.

3 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 3 Genetic Engineering It is possible to transfer genes from one organism to another. For example, genes from human cells can be placed into bacteria. This allows the bacteria to make substances which are useful to humans. This process is called genetic engineering.

4 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 4 Activity 1 Collect the stages of genetic engineering handout. Glue the sheet into your jotter. Watch the pow er point and film clip on genetic engineering and use the information to copy and complete the passage below. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the transfer of g from one organism to another e.g. human to bacteria. A g is a small section of a chromosome that codes for a particular p e.g. insulin. Genetic engineering can be used to produce large quantities of insulin and other proteins. Genetic engineering involves transferring the desired gene into a b c. Bacterial cells contain a large circular chromosome which controls the c a and another smaller circular DNA called a p. The bacterial host cell containing the human gene is known as a r microbe. Once inside, the bacterial cell will r rapidly producing many bacterial cells with the d gene. The bacterial cells will produce the p which can then be extracted and purified.

5 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 5 Activity 2 Complete the Genetic Engineering Card Sort. Activity 3 Collect a genetic engineering model kit. Using the contents, model the stages of genetic engineering. Your teacher may allow you to make a poster showing the stages of genetic engineering. The transfer of genes from one organism to another has allowed many useful products to be made. These new substances can be produced in large quantities very quickly. Activity 4 Watch the video clip and answer the questions below.? Key Questions (Answer in sentences in your jotter) 1. What is insulin? 2. Why does the body need insulin? 3. What source was used to provide insulin before genetic engineering was used? 4. What was the problem with this source? 5. List three advantages of using genetic engineering to obtain human insulin.

6 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 6 Activity 5 Research task: Use the internet to answ er the questions below :? Key Questions (Answer in sentences) Better Blood 1. What is haemophilia? 2. What is used to treat this condition? 3. What risks are associated with obtaining blood products from blood donors? 4. Where is Factor VIII now sourced? Fighting Disease 1. What do antibodies do? 2. What causes the body to make antibodies? 3. What do we mean by immunity to disease? 4. What role can genetic engineering play in fighting disease?

7 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 7 Using the information you have gathered while doing your internet research, copy and complete the table. Type of Chemical Function Examples antibiotic penicillin kills the bacteria that cause Pneumonia and Meningitis hormone control of certain body processes to prevent illness the MMR vaccine prevents measles, mumps and rubella enzyme for industry to speed up chemical reactions anti Viral drug slows down progression of AIDS

8 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Activity 6 Using the information and opinion cards; Construct a table that lists some advantages and some disadvantages of genetic engineering. Advantages Disadvantages Do you think genetic engineering is a good thing? Justify your answer.

9 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 9 Stem Cell Therapy Stem cell therapy is a set of techniques that aim to replace cells, which have been damaged or destroyed by disease, with healthy functioning ones. If successful, the healthy replacement stem cells will become part of the body and divide to produce healthy cells that can function normally. What are Stem Cells? Stem cells have several unique properties that separate them from other cells: They are unspecialised cells. They can continue to divide repeatedly. They can differentiate into specialised cells such as a nerve or heart cell. Sources of Stem Cells Stem cells may be derived from several sources: 1. Embryonic stem cells: these are extracted from embryos. 2. Adult stem cells: these are present in adult tissues such as the bone marrow, brain and blood. 3. Cord blood stem cells: this source of stem cells is derived from umbilical cord blood. Activity 6 Watch the power point and use the information above to copy and complete the passage below. A stem cell is a cell which has not yet become s. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialised function, such as a n cell, a r b cell, or a h cell. Stem cells can be obtained from e, a and c b. Stem cell technology takes healthy s c from someone (normally a family member) and inserts them into the body to make something the recipient is unable to make.

10 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 10 Benefits of Stem Cells Stem cells are currently used to treat cancers such as leukaemia. Bone marrow transplants have been used for decades to provide a healthy source of cells in the body. Other diseases that stem cells may help include: Parkinson's disease Stroke Spinal cord injuries Retinal diseases Alzheimer's disease Type 1 Diabetes Artificial Organs It has been suggested that stem cells could be the treatment of the future for many diseases. Scientists have even made it possible to rebuild areas of the body that have suffered from tissue destruction, for example, the growth of a windpipe for a person whose windpipe had been destroyed by tuberculosis. Activity 8 Collect the stem cell work cards. Your teacher will explain how to use these cards.

11 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 11 Ethical Debate The use of stem cells from an embryo has prompted massive debate amongst the public, politicians, scientists and religious groups. Because an embryo is destroyed after stem cells are extracted, those against it argue that this is the equivalent of killing a potential life. Fortunately, newer techniques are currently being investigated which will allow for embryonic stem cell extraction without either destroying an embryo or creating one. Activity 9 Watch the pow er point and w ork through the tasks.

12 National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School 12