Effect of Water Stress on the Amount of Seed Oil in Different Lines of Safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.)

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1 Aville online t Annls of Biologicl Reserch, 13, 4 (1): ( ISSN CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Effect of Wter Stress on the Amount of Seed Oil in Different Lines of Sfflower(Crthmus tinctorius L.) Mhooeh Rj Ns Agh mhli 1 nd Jirir Crpetin 2 1 M.S. grdute in plnt science from Urmi University 2 Deprtment of Biology, Urmi University, Irn ABSTRACT In order to investigte the effect of wter stress (primry fctor) on the mount of seed oil in different lines (secondry fctor) of cultivted sfflower (Crthmus tinctorius L.), n experiment ws performed in the experimentl frm of Urmi University. The sfflower lines under investigtion consisted of four winter types (, Zrghn 279, LRV51-51 nd LRV51-279) nd one spring type Esfhn-1. Seeds of the ove five lines were plnted ech in two rows with four replictions during spring seson. The experimentl design used for the winter types ws split plot nd completely rndomized design ws used for the spring type. Wter stress levels were pplied in the form of incresing the dys etween irrigtions eginning with plot A towrds plot D t flowering time which consisted of four tretments for the four plots A, B, C nd D. Dt nlysis for the mount of oil in winter types indicted tht wter stress level C hd the highest effect on the increse of seed oil. On the other hnd the line hd the highest overll seed oil mong the entries. The highest interction ws recorded for the line in the A plot (check) hving 35.55% seed oil. In the one wy nlysis of vrince for the seed oil in the spring type plot B ws considered s check. The interction etween winter type stress resulted in decrese in oil content, however, in the Spring types, wter stress cused n increse in oil content. These contrsting results were due to genetic differences etween spring nd winter types nd the meteorologicl specificity of the experimentl site. Key Words: cultivted sfflower, oil content, seed, wter stress. INTRODUCTION Sfflower (Crthmus tinctorius L.) is plnt of the Composite fmily which is cultivted minly for its seed s source of edile oil or to e used s irdseed. In the pst, sfflower ws eing cultivted for its flowers s source of dye for textile nd s source of medicine, lthough this ltter use is still in effect. Sfflower seed oil hving high level of linolenic cid hs precious medicinl effect for people with high lood pressure nd coronry hert disese [17]. Sfflower oil hs purgtive effect nd when used s ruing oil is effective for the cure of rheumtism nd prlysis [19]. Sfflower hs strong tproot which renders the plnt resistnt under dry climtic conditions. A fully mture sfflower seed from common vriety consists of -60% seed cot nd -67% of pulp. The mount of seed oil rnges etween nd 45 percent nd sometimes higher[3]. The mjor sfflower growing countries re Indi, Mexico nd USA nd the first two grow out 70% of the world production [8]. In Irn, sfflower is grown in Khorsn, Yzd, Esfhn nd Azerijn provinces nd in some res its growth encounters such unfvorle conditions s drought nd slt stress [5].Vrious fctors, mong them wter stress exert 183

2 their effect on yield nd seed qulity of sfflower. It hs een hve tht the mount of oil in line S-144 is 2% higher thn line under similr wter regime nd the former line is more tolernt to wter stress []. work on irrigtion methods in sfflower hs shown tht the vriety Gil nd lines C2517 nd VFSTP hve the highest tolernce to wter stress [4]. It hs een shown tht the increse in the frequency of irrigtion results in n increse in seed oil percentge in severl vrieties nd lines except for the lines 894 nd S8 [7]. In n experiment on the effect of irrigtion on sfflower line JSF1 in plot irrigtions including non-irrigted plots, irrigtion efore plnting (BS), +BS t loom time nd seed filling period nd the ppliction of vrious mounts of nitrogen (0,, 60 nd 90kg/h). It hs shown 31% increse in yield s compred with non-irrigted plots for the BS tretment, while the highest oil percentge ws oserved during the +BS, flowering nd seed filling periods [11]. Experiment on sfflower hs shown tht the ppliction of one irrigtion (10 cm wter) efore plnting, 6 cm wter irrigted t rnching period, 5 cm wter irrigted t loom time for the N10 vriety, the highest yield ws otined when wtered t loom time when the highest mount of wter ws lso consumed [13]. In n experiment on the effect of wter shortge on sfflower lipids hve shown tht n intermedite stress cused n increse in totl lipids ut severe stress results in rpid decrese in lipid content [6]. work on the effect of wter regimes in sfflower line Kuseh, PI nd IL111 hve shown tht wter stress reduces seed oil content nd tht n pproprite wter regime cn enhnce the qulity of seed oil [2]. work on the effect of the mount of irrigtion wter nd its slinity on vrious lines nmely locl 11, Bhim, Acetri, 1, N133 nd V51-49 hs reported the oservtion of significnt difference t 1% level etween the lines [5]. studying the otnicl nd morphologicl chrcteristics of sfflower collection under Fll plnting hs reported tht in the line LRV51-51, the seed yield hs een 10 kg/h with.9% oil nd totl of 582 kg oil/h [12]. In this experiment the seed oil percentge in lines, Zrghn 279 nd Esfhn-1 hs een.68, nd.49 percent, respectively. In nother study on the effects of wter stress on seed oil content in three sfflower selections, nmely, LRV51-51, Zrghn 279 nd Vrmin 295, hve shown tht wter stress tretments hve hd no significnt effect on the seed oil content [15]. In different study of wter stress in sfflower, there re some reports out minor nd non-significnt effect on oil content [9]. It hs een shown tht vrious levels of wter stress reduces seed oil content s compred with the check, however, no significnt differences ws oserved etween the stress levels [10]. wter stress hs no significnt effect on seed oil content in spring type sfflower lines [16]. The min use for sfflower oil is in culinry, s sld oil, nd the industril preprtion of mrgrine. In ddition, ecuse of its semi-dry chrcteristics, sfflower oil ws eing used in the pst in the preprtion of pints [1]. Due to the importnce of sfflower oil nd considering the effect of irrigtion in vrious growing phses of the plnt on seed yield nd oil qulity, this experiment ws performed to elucidte the effects of wter stress on seed oil content on sfflower lines, nmely,, Zrghn 279, LRV51-51, LRV nd Esfhn-1 under our climtic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The specifictions of sfflower lines under study sed on report from Krj Experimentl Sttion is shown in tle1. Tle1: The specifictions of sfflower lines under study sed on report from Krj Experimentl Sttion. Sfflower lines Flower color Spininess Dys from plnting to mturity LRV51-51 Ornge Spiny 299 Zrghn 279 Red Spiny 0 Ornge Spiny 299 LRV * Esfhn-1 Ornge Spineless 101 * this line ws missing from Krj studies A plot of lnd mesuring 0 squre meters with sndy-cly soil nd ph=7 ws ploughed twice nd prepred for plnting in My. The experimentl plots were prepred for winter type lines using split plot design nd for the Spring type using completely rndomized design. The min plots were designted s A, B, C nd D nd ech plot contined the five lines of sfflower under investigtion. Ech line ws plnted on two djcent rows 5 m long nd 184

3 60 cm prt nd these five lines were plnted with 110 cm distnce etween them to void ny wter leching mong them during irrigtion. Therefore, ech plot consisted of ten rows from the five lines of sfflower, nmely,, Zrghn 279, LRV51-51, LRV nd Esfhn-1. Wter stress ws pplied t four different levels. In order to prevent wter logging nd to void the expnsion of phytophtor root rot, rised eds were prepred for seeding. Wtering ws performed in furrows etween the two rows for ech line. The winter type seeds were received from Kermnshh Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd the spring type seed ws received from the Center for Oilseed Reserch in Tehrn. A germintion test ws initilly performed on the received seed smples using ten seeds from ech line fter their dusting with fungicide in petri dish t 25 C in n oven. Good germintion result ws otined fter 4-5 dys. From ech sfflower line, 0 g of seed, fter dusting with fungicide, ws used for plnting the experiment in My. Seeds were plnted 4-5 cm deep nd the experimentl field ws irrigted on the following dy. During the plnt growth period, weeds were hnd removed in severl occsions which ws essentil for otining dependle results from the experiment. Six weeks fter plnting, the emerged seedlings were thinned in ech row to ensure their optimum nd uniform growth. Two months fter plnting, complete nutrient solution ws spryed on ll sfflower seedlings. Using different chemicl sprys, nmely dizinon, dinocp nd topsin, vrious insects nd fungl diseses were kept under control. The experimentl field ws uniformly irrigted s required until the time when wter stress ws estlished. Bsed on reports y [11-13], s sfflower plnts re highly vulnerle to irrigtion for root rot diseses efore flowering time, therefore, wter stress tretments were egun fter the completion of rnching period nd t the eginning of flowering time. As the spring type sfflower hs shorter growing period compred to Winter types, flower initition ws oserved three weeks erlier in the Spring type line. Using ten yer meteorologicl dt for the experimentl site, it ws decided for the plots A, B, C nd D to pply irrigtion once every 5, 8, 11 nd 14 dys, respectively, for the Spring type nd once every 8, 11, 14 nd 17 dys, respectively, for the Winter types. In the mentime, for Spring sfflower, the B plot ws considered s check which ws sed on the oserved wilting symptoms. The check plot for Winter type rows ws the A plot. The mount of wter pplied to ech twin row ws under control y wter meter t 0 liters for ech irrigtion period. Due to cooling of the wether towrds the end of growing seson, the volume of wter pplied ws reduced to 250 liters. In ddition, the irrigtion cycles were incresed uniformly for ll rows y five dys. One month fter the finl irrigtion, plnts were mture enough for hrvest. At hrvest time, ech twin row ws sudivided into four longitudinl prts nd seed hrvest ws performed from ech prt seprtely nd ws considered s one repliction. Seed smples were kept for two dys t 50 oc for uniform drying. Ech smple ws ground seprtely with n electric grinder. The Soxhelet method using mixture of chloroform nd methnol (2:1) ws used for oil extrction using 5 g smple [18]. Oil extrction ws crried out from ech smple for 4.5 hrs. A rotry evportor ws used for solvent evportion nd the purifiction of oil from ech smple. The mount of oil in ech smple ws clculted on percentge sis. An pproprite nlysis of vrince ws crried out to determine tretment significnce nd for the comprison of mens. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Comprison of mens for the seed oil percentge mong the four stress levels in Winter type sfflower lines indicted tht the highest oil percentge of.33 elongs to stress level C which ws significntly different from stress levels A nd B ut not different from D t 1% level of significnce (Fig. 1).This result is in ccordnce with results otined y [6], in which medium level of wter stress resulted in n increse in seed oil percentge. 185

4 Fig. 1. Averge seed oil percentge in Winter type sfflower under different levels of wter stress. Men comprisons mong Winter type sfflower lines using Duncn's multiple rnge test indicted tht line contined the highest level of seed oil percentge which ws significntly higher thn the other lines t 1% level of significnce (Fig. 2). c Zrghn 279 Sfflower line Fig. 2. Averge seed oil percentge in vrious lines of Winter type sfflower. In the studies y [], the sfflower line S-144 contined the highest seed oil percentge nd in the studies y [4] on sfflower vriety Gil nd lines C2517 nd VFSTP, some lines hd etter tolernce to wter stress. Hence, in our studies, line cn e suggested for plnting under the sitution of dry nd low wter vilility conditions. In our dt nlysis when oth fctors of wter stress s the primry fctor nd line s the secondry fctor ws nlyzed together, the following results were otined. Men oil percentges mong lines in stress level A showed tht line hd the highest seed oil of 35.55% which ws significntly different from the other lines (Fig. 3A). Similr results ws otined under stress level B in which line gin hd the highest seed oil percentge. However, it ws significntly different t 1% level of significnce only when compred with the line Zrghn 279 (Fig. 3B). Under the stress level C, lso, the highest seed oil percentge of 33. ws recorded for line which ws significntly different from the other three lines (Fig. 3C). Agin, when dt nlysis ws performed for stress 186

5 level D, it ws oserved tht line hd the highest seed oil percentge which ws significntly higher thn the other lines except for the line LRV51-51 (Fig. 3D). A zrghn 279 c Sfflower line zrghn 279 B Sfflower line C zrghn 279 c Sfflower line c zrghn 279 D sfflower line Fig. 3. Averge seed oil percentge mong Winter type lines of sfflower under wter stress levels A, B, C nd D Fig. 4 depicts the results of overll nlysis of vrince of the seed oil in the four winter type sfflower lines over the four wter stress levels. As cn e seen, line hs shown the highest seed oil content (35.55%) in stress level A which is significntly higher thn the other comintion of line x stress levels except for the sme line in stress levels C nd D. Hence, it cn e deduced tht similr to results otined y [2]. wter stress results in generl reduction in seed oil content. Studies y [5], is in confirmtion of results otined in our study. In contrst, some other reports such s [ ], indicte tht wter stress hs no significnt effect on the level of seed oil. It ppers tht these contrsting results is due to vrition in environmentl conditions, differences in sfflower line chrcteristics nd the severity of wter stress pplied in these studies. 187

6 ef cde f de cde c cd de LR-V LR-V zrghn 279 g A B C D Stress level Fig. 4. Comprison of men seed oil percentge mong lines of Winter type Sfflower under four wter stress levels. Anlysis of results otined from the seed oil of the Spring type sfflower Esfhn-1 indicted tht under the most severe stress level (D), the oil percentge ws incresed to level of 43.% which when compred with the check (stress level B), ws 6.% higher nd its difference ws sttisticlly significnt (fig.5). In study of wter stress test y [16] on Spring type sfflower, no sttisticlly significnt differences were otined etween the stress levels under investigtion. Hence lthouth it is generl elief tht drought stress siclly decreses sfflower seed oil level in sensitive phonologicl stges [21], our results with line Esfhn-1shows reverse sitution. It ppers tht the min reson is due to the fct tht Esfhn-1 is selected line for growing under the dry conditions of Esfhn province in irn. Therefore, genetic differences etween sfflower lines due to their reeding ckground cn ply mjor role in the otined experimentl results in ech re. It cn e concluded tht oth fctors of line chrcteristics nd wter regime should e tken into ccount in order to e le to enhnce the seed oil level of sfflower. Fig. 5. Men seed oil percentge in the Spring type sfflower line Esfhn-1 s effected y different wter stress regimes. 188

7 CONCLUSION Contrsting oil content results were due to genetic differences etween Spring nd Winter types nd the meteorologicl specificity of the experimentl site. Hence incresing the period of irrigtion ffected seed oil percentge for Winter nd Spring types of sfflower diffrently. Although incresing the period of irrigtion on Spring type sfflower ws more effective incresing seed oil percentge s compred with the Winter types of sfflower. Acknowledgements We thnk the genetic lortory t the university of Urmi who provided fcilities for experiments nd finl dt nlysis. We lso thnk Dr.Nojvn nd Dr. khymi for their generous helps. REFERENCES [1] Anonymous, Growing sfflower. Oilseed crop reserch nd development compny Irn,1972, 2 nd. Ed, pp [2] E Ashrf, Kh Rmzni. JAOCS, 10, [3] L Djue, H mündel. IPGRI, 1996, pp 83. [4] Dj Dvi. Agronomy strct, 1977, [5] K Foroozn. Indin J Agron, 1997, (1), [6] I Hmrouni, HB Slh, B Mrzouk. Phytochemistry, 01, 58(2), [7] AN Hng, DW Evns. Agronomy Journl, 1985, 77 (4), [8] A Mter, A Johnson. Mrketing - serie - nturl - resources Institute(NRI), 1993, No. 6, pp. Chthm, Uk. [9] MR.Nderi Drghshhi, E Bni T, MR Shhsvri, H R.Jvnmrd. Reserch in griculturl science, 07, 2, [10] MR Nderi, Gh Noormohhmdi, A Mjid, F Drvish, A H.Shirni Rd, H Mdni. Spling nd Seed, 04, Vol., No. 3. [11] PM Nimje. Indin J Agron, 1991, (supplement), [12] A. Omidi, Krj griculturl reserch center. oil crops section Irn, [13] SN.Prsd, B Verm, C Prksh, R Singh. Indin J Agr Sci, 1992,62 (4), [14] N Sdt Ljvrdi, 1980, Oilseed crops. Tehrn university press. [15] E Syrusmehr, MR Shki, H Aliri, M.Toorchi, E Dgh Mohhmdins. Agriclturl Knowledge, 07, 17 (1), [16] M Tvoosi, MS thesis in Agronomy. Islmic Azd University, Khorsgn unit. Khorsgn, Irn, 07. [17] W Gurong, W Zhmu, Xinming, C Yuehu. Study on food medicine mde from sfflower seed oil, 1997, IV th interntionl sfflower conference, 3-3, Itly. [18] P P Yeshjh, M Cliftone. Food nlysis theory nd prctice. 1994, Chpter 37 (lipid), P [19] A Zrgri. Medicinl plnts. 2 nd ed. Tehrn university press, [] B Surynryn Reddy, DK Thirumlchr. Current Reserch, Bnglore 1976, 5 (11), [21] BgH eri, B Andlii, Mr zimi Moghd, dm, E Zngni, S Jmshid. Annls of Biologicl Reserch, 12, 3 ( 3 ):