Biomarkers of environmental contaminants in the Baltic Sea: effects on fish

Transcription

1 Biomarkers of environmental contaminants in the Baltic Sea: effects on fish Arvo Tuvikene AHHAA EULS EUREKA, December 12,

2 Introduction Baltic Sea ecosystems are impacted by multiple human induced activities including a severe load of hazardous substances. Effects of hazardous substances can be observed at all different level of biological organisation, starting from the genome and going through cell, tissue/organ and organism up to populations and communities (BIOMARKERS). EUREKA, December 12,

3 To ensure validity of risk assessment there is need to bridge the gap between the measured concentrations of chemicals and their biological effects. The implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) necessitates the development of common criteria and methodological standards for marine environmental monitoring and assessment across Europe. It is envisaged that the assessment of Good Environmental Status (GES) will be based on a combination of contaminant concentrations and biological effects measurements. EUREKA, December 12,

4 Trends of chemicals in Baltic Sea Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are generally present in low concentrations and have decreased significantly. Metals show no or varying trends. Cd levels increase and are above background levels (BAC 0.1 μg/g dw). EUREKA, December 12,

5 Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) EUREKA, December 12,

6 Why eelpout? Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) is proposed as a key indicator organism by ICES/OSPAR and HELCOM. It is well studied and displays many of the characteristics required of a sentinel species. Eelpout is currently used in several national monitoring programmes around the Baltic Sea. Samples have been archived in Environmental Specimen Banks for >15 years. This makes eelpout a suitable species for integrated environmental monitoring and assessment of GES in the Baltic and North Seas. EUREKA, December 12,

7 Jenny Elisabet Hedman, PhD; Heinz Rüdel; Jens Gercken; Sara Bergek; Jakob Strand; Markus Quack; Magnus Appelberg; Lars Förlin; Arvo Tuvikene; Anders BignertEelpout (Zoarces viviparus) in marine environmental monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2011 R. Kreitsberg, A. Tuvikene, J. Baršienė, N. F. Fricke, A. Rybakovas, L. Andreikėnaitė, K. Rumvoldt and S. Vilbaste. Biomarkers of environmental contaminants in the eastern Baltic Sea: effects on eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). Submit to Journal of Environmental Monitoring. Kreitsberg, Randel; Zemit, Irina; Freiberg, Rene; Tambets, Meelis; Tuvikene, Arvo (2010). Responses of metabolic pathways to polycyclic aromatic compounds in flounder following oil spill in the Baltic Sea near the Estonian coast. Aquatic Toxicology, 99(4), EUREKA, December 12,

8 Collecting eelpouts EUREKA, December 12,

9 Hedman et al., 2011 EUREKA, December 12,

10 Hedman et al., 2011 EUREKA, December 12,

11 Hedman et al., 2011 EUREKA, December 12,

12 Hedman et al., 2011 EUREKA, December 12,

13 POPs in eelpout (German and Swedish monitoring programmes) Station DDE sddt y-hch a-hch b-hch HCB CB-118 CB-153 CB-180 Reference ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle ng/g lw muscle Sweden, monitoring Holmöarna 240 (380) 36 (80) 55 (126) 258 (432) 104 (193) Bignert et al., 2010 ( ) <d.l. 19 <d.l. 24 <d.l. 16 <d.l <d.l <d.l <d.l Kvädöfjärden 340 (440) 13 (10) 63 (62) 239 (193) 45 (48) Bignert et al., 2010 ( ) <d.l. 26 <d.l. 23 <d.l. 18 <d.l <d.l.-247 Väderöarna 120 (70) 137 (200) 339 (322) 52 (160) Bignert et al., 2010 ( ) <d.l <d.l. - 8 <d.l. - 3 <d.l <d.l <d.l <d.l.-386 Germany, monitoring Darsser Ort (37.8) 21.1 (20.0) 18.8 (8.6) 21.8 (4.7) 20.8 (10.5) 96.2 (35.3) 21.2 (10.0) UPB, ) Meldorf Bay 76.3 (25.9) 34.1 (35.7) 19.6 (9.3) 25.7 (13.2) 52.6 (22.9) (77.2) 35.2 (17.8) UPB, Jadebusen (19.7) (43.2) (1.7) (6.2) (48.2) (135.3) (29.1) UPB, 2010 EUREKA, December 12,

14 HMs in eelpou (Baltic and North Sea) Station Hg Pb Cd Cu Zn Ni Cr Co Reference ng/g ww muscle ug/g dw liver ug/g dw liver ug/g dw liver ug/g dw liver ug/g dw liver ug/g dw liver ug/g dw liver Sweden, monitoring Holmöarna 97.9 (45.9) 0.17 (0.08) 1.54 (1.01) 12.9 (6.3) (53.5) 0.23 (0.11) 0.37 (0.22) n.a. Bignert et al., 2010 ( ) Kvädöfjärden 88.0 (41.2) 0.21 (0.10) 1.68 (0.89) 25.0 (12.1) (69.3) 0.25 (0.16) 0.43 (0.13) n.a. Bignert et al., 2010 ( ) Väderöarna 29.3 (18.9) 0.15 (0.09) 0.42 (0.35) 35.7 (19.1) (70.3) 0.28 (0.18) 0.39 (0.16) n.a. Bignert et al., 2010 ( ) Germany, monitoring Darsser Ort 37.7 (6.5) (0.024) 0.16 (0.05) 20.4 (5.5) 73.0 (15.3) 0.08 (0.03) UPB, 2010 (2000*-2008) Meldorf Bay (11.7) (0.061) 0.07 (0.03) 9.4 (4.5) 59.8 (10.2) 0.05 (0.02) UPB, 2010 ( ) Jadebusen (26.5) (0.110) 0.10 (0.02) 16.4 (6.1) 75.5 (11.3) 0.12 (0.03) UPB, 2010 (2000*-2008) Denmark Agersø 2008 Roskilde 2008 Frederiksværk 2008 Larvae Dahllöf and Strand, <d.l Dahllöf and Strand, Dahllöf and Strand, Dahllöf and Strand, 2010 (Rosk., Frederiksv.) Poland Gulf of Gdansk Gulf of Gdansk Larvae Latvia/Estonia Napierska and Podolska, 2006 Napierska and Podolska, 2006 Gulf of Riga Voigt, 2007 Finland Åland Gulf of Finland Voigt, 2007 Germany Kieler Förde Voigt, 2007 EUREKA, December 12,

15 Persistent vs not persistent chemicals in Baltic Sea EUREKA, December 12,

16

17 Toxicity of Oil Generally, as increase refinement Decrease toxicity to animals Increase plants A. Direct biological effects 1. Directly toxic compounds in petroleum include a. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) b. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) c. Metals (especially Pb) Note: b and c above are very persistent in the environment

18 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Most studied petroleum product Defined as two or more fused benzene rings Type/concentration determines biological effect

19 Ring structures of representative PAHs Mostly aromatic Highly volatile High acute toxicity Low carcinogenicity Low volatility High chronic toxicity High carcinogenicity

20 PAHs (continued) Sensitivity crustaceans > insects > mollusks > algae > fish (can metabolize) Humans mostly toxic as carcinogens

21 Biomarkers of oil/pah pollution EROD AHH FAC EUREKA, December 12,

22

23 NÕVA PÄRNU TREIMANI 1 Treimani, 2 Pärnu, 3 Nõva, 4 - Sõrve EUREKA, December 12,

24 EROD activity in eelpout 40 EROD activity pm/min/mg protein Sõrve Pärnu Treimani Nõva EUREKA, December 12,

25 80 PAH metabolites in bile - eelpout P PAH metabolites fluorescence unit (FU) Sõrve Pärnu Treimani Nõva ring 3-ring 4-ring 5-ring PAH metabolites in urine - eelpout fluorescence unit (FU) Sõrve Pärnu Treimani Nõva 2-ring 3-ring 4-ring 5-ring EUREKA, December 12,

26 FAC in bile of perch effect of oil spill /330 naphthal. Vasa perch Control 341/383 pyrene 380/430 BaP

27 Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity Photos: nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood of Zoarces viviparus. Starting left: erythrocyte with micronucleus (MN), erythrocyte with nuclear bud (NB), erythrocyte with nuclear bud on filament, binucleated erythrocyte with nucleoplasmic bridge (BNb), binucleated erythrocyte (BN), fragmented-apoptotic erythrocyte (FA), 8-shaped erythrocyte (Kreitsberg et al., 2011). EUREKA, December 12,

28 MN+NB+BNb FA+BN+8 ** ** ** *** * * Parnu Treimani Sorve GoF 1b-1 Nova EUREKA, December 12,

29 Malformed larvae Reproductive success in eelpout is an ecologically relevant indicator of BE at high biological level EUREKA, December 12,

30 Bioavailability Eutrophication vs bioavailability Hypoxia vs bioavailability EUREKA, December 12,

31 Accumulation factors of heavy metals in roach from River Narva Mustajõgi Baltic TPP Riigiküla Cd Cu Hg Pb Tuvikene et al. Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality (2000)

32 Thank you very much! EUREKA, December 12,