FILM PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS

Transcription

1 FILM PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS Third Edition Laurence W. McKeen ELSEVIER Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier w

2 Preface xi 1. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers 1.1. Polymerization Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization Copolymers 1.3. Linear, Branched and Crosslinked Polymers Polarity Unsaturation Steric Hindrance Isomers Structural Isomers Geometric Isomers Stereoisomers Syndiotactic, Isotactic, Atactic 1.8. Inter and Intra Molecular Attractions in Polymers Hydrogen Bonding Van der Waals Forces Chain Entanglement General Classifications Molecular Weight Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics Crystalline vs. Amorphous : Orientation Plastic Compositions Polymer Blends Elastomers Additives Fillers, Reinforcement, Composites Combustion Modifiers, Fire, Flame Retardants and Smoke Suppressants Release Agents Slip Additives/Internal Lubricants Antiblock Additives Catalysts Impact Modifiers and Tougheners UV Stabilizers Optical brighteners Plasticizers Pigments, Extenders, Dyes, Mica Coupling Agents Thermal Stabilizers Antistats Antioxidants Summary 18 References v

3 The vi 2. Introduction to the Properties of Plastic and Elastomer Films Physical Property Testing of Plastic Films Specific Gravity and Density Dimensional Stability on Heating Hygroscopic Expansion Residual Shrinkage/Strain Relief Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Appearance: Color, Haze, and Gloss Color Gloss Measurement Haze Measurement Coefficient of Friction Mechanical Testing of Plastic Films Tensile Properties Flexural Properties Folding Endurance (MIT Flex Life Machine) Puncture Properties High-Speed Puncture Test Drop Dart Impact Test for Plastic Film Tear Properties Elmendorf Tear Strength Trouser Tear Resistance Thermal Property Testing of Plastic Films Melt Flow Index Melting Point, Tm Glass Transition Temperature, Tg Other Thermal Tests Electrical Properties of Films Dielectric Constant (or Relative Permittivity) Dissipation Factor Dielectric Strength Surface Resistivity Volume Resistivity Permeation of Films History Transport of Gases and Vapors Through Solid Materials Effusion Solution-Diffusion and Pore-Flow Models Dependence of Permeability, Diffusion, and Solubility Pressure Dependence of Permeability, Diffusion, and Solubility on Temperature Arrhenius Equation Multiple-Layer Films Permeation and Vapor Transmission Testing Units of Measurement Gas Permeation Test Cells Vapor Permeation Cup Testing Standard Tests for Permeation and Vapor Transmission 55 References Production of Films Extrusion Blown Film Calendering Casting Film Lines Post Film Formation Processing 1

4 vii 3.. Web Coating Gravure Coating Reverse Roll Coating Knife on Roll Coating Metering Rod (Meyer Rod) Coating Slot Die (Slot, Extrusion) Coating Immersion (Dip) Coating Vacuum Deposition Web Coating Process Summary Lamination Hot Roll/Belt Lamination Flame Lamination Orientation Machine Direction Orientation Biaxial Orientation Blown Film Orientation Skiving Coatings Summary 70 References Uses of Barrier Films Barrier Films in Packaging Water Vapor Atmospheric Gases Odors and Flavors Markets and Applications of Barrier Films Some Illustrated Applications of Multiple Layered Films Styrenic Plastics Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer Acrylonitrile Styrene Aery late Polystyrene Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer 8 References 89. Polyesters Liquid Crystalline Polymers Polybutylene Terephthalate Polycarbonate Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate Polyethylene Naphthalate Polyethylene Terephthalate DuPont Teijin Films Mitsubishi Polyester Film Hostaphan Toray Industries Lumirror Generic 122 References Polyimides Polyamide Imide Polyetherimide Polyimide DuPont Kapton UBE Industries Upilex PI Films 148 References 155

5 viii 8- Polyamides (Nylons) Polyamide (Nylon ) Honeywell EMS-Grivory UBE Generic Nylon Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12) Polyamide (Nylon ) Polyamide /10 (Nylon /10) Polyamide /12 (Nylon /12) Polyamide (Nylon or /) Polyamide /9 (Nylon /9) Nylon Specialty Polyamides Amorphous Polyamides Nylon PACM Polyarylamide 184 References Polyolefins Polyethylene Unclassified Polyethylene Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Low-Density Polyethylene Medium-Density Polyethylene High-Density Polyethylene LyondellBasell ExxonMobil NOVA Chemicals HDPE Polypropylene Polybutene Polymethyl Pentene Honeywell R-Series PMP Mitsui Chemicals TPX Film Opulent Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Topas Advanced Polymers, TOPAS Plastomer 209 References Polyvinyls and Acrylics Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer DuPont Elvax Arkema Evatane LyondellBasell Ultrathene EVA Copolymers Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer KurarayEVAL Nippon Gohsei Soarnol Polyvinyl Alcohol Polyvinyl Chloride Polyvinylidene Chloride Polyacrylics Acrylonitrile Methyl Acrylate Copolymer Ionomers 250

6 ix DuPont Surlyn ExxonMobil Chemical Iotek Ionomer Films 252 References Fluoropolymers Polytetrafluoroethylene Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene DuPont Teflon FEP Daikin Neoflon FEP Generic/Unspecified FEP Perfluoroalkoxy PFA MFA Amorphous Fluoropolymer Teflon AF Polyvinyl Fluoride DuPont Tedlar Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Honeywell Aclar PCTFE Film Daikin Industries Neoflon PCTFE Film Arkema Voltalef PCTFE Film Poly vinylidene Fluoride Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer DuPont Tefzel Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Norton ETFE Asahi Glass Fluon Generic ETFE Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer 305 References High Temperature/High Performance Polymers Polyetheretherketone Victrex APTIV PEEK Film Ajedium Films PEEK Film Evonik Degussa GmbH VESTAKEEP PEEK Film Polysiloxane Polyphenylene Sulfide Polysulfone Polyethersulfone Polybenzimidazole Parylene (poly(p-xylylene)) Polyphenylene Sulfone 328 References Elastomers and Rubbers Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers Thermoplastic Polyether Block Polyamide Elastomers (PEBA) Styrenic Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene 348 References Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers Cellophane Nitrocellulose 357

7 x Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Ethyl Cellulose Polycaprolactone Poly (Lactic Acid) Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB or PH3B) 39 References 377 Index 379