Polana SPV Vidyasagar. Red Palm Weevil Research Chair, King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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1 Polana SPV Vidyasagar Red Palm Weevil Research Chair, King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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3 10Years 2 Years 20 Years 100 Years

4 Date Palm Coconut Palm Canary Island Date Palm

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6 Adult Eggs Larva Pupa

7 Description Date palm Coconut palm Canary palm Morphology of stem Rough Smooth Smooth Propagation Offshoots Seed Seed More infestations Young Young Young & Old Site of infestations Bole / crown Crown/bole Crown How Long RPW is known 20 years 100 years 10 years Transplanting Any Age 1-2 yrs Seedlings

8 Detection Methods Conventional methods still in use Usual method of visual examination of palms for symptoms like oozing of brown liquid, bore marks, chewed up frass etc. Inspecting palms with a metal probe. Dried or partly dried crown leaves.

9 A Laar WD 60 : High end amplifying system with special probe sensor sound activities from 50 Hz up to 250 khz. Laar TCE 1 detector. Contact microphone, airsound ultrasound microphone, contact acceleration sensor and a combined contact airsound probe sensor. (Laar Tech Inc, Germany, 2004) B The SP-1 sensor is magnetically attached to a nail inserted into the soft palm wood. The nail acts as a waveguide to conduct the sounds from RPW larvae feeding inside stem. C Acoustic signals of boring RPW larvae recorded using off-the-shelf recording devices. Discrimination of RPW signals from those emitted by healthy palms is still difficult. The methodology applied was similar to speech recognition techniques, utilizing Vector Quantization or Gaussian Mixture Modeling.

10 Remote Sensing Remote sensing is used for identification of diseased or damaged or stressed plants. For identifying the coconut and date palms this technology has not been tried. Research is needed to explore the possibility of utilizing this tool of remote sensing and satellite imagery for ascertaining the hot spots. For Canary Island Date Palm the most susceptible part is the crown and hence there is a possibility to develop this technology.

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12 First traps in 1992

13 (4S,5S) 4-methyl-5-nonanol major component C 10 H 22 O 4-methyl-5-nonanone C 10 H 20 O

14 Inverted Trap French Trap & Lure Serial Funnel Trap of Turkey

15 Monitoring Distribution of Saudi pheromone traps Monitoring the traps and checking infestations Mass pheromone trapping Attract and kill the insect to reduce population Higher density trapping methods Servicing of traps regularly Adoption of any new methods

16 For developing a successful trapping system against a pest, information on the Type of trap Height of trap Kind of food bait and Most essential is the trap density More information is required to make a strong program

17 Present status Aggregation pheromone blends in mass trapping are used (4 methyl 5 nonanol + 4 methyl 5 nonanone) (9:1) Future research Are there other groups of behavior modifying chemicals in RPW? Aggregation pheromone + Kairomone also used Food baiting is a must Are there other host volatiles to increase attraction? Any substitute for Food available?

18 Spraying or Soaking methods Conventional spraying with pesticides Soaking the crowns with long lance at low pressure High Pressure Spray Soaking method

19 Stem injection methods Mechanical injection manually Electric Drilling and injection High pressure injection with latest equipment Drilling of holes Administering Insecticide with bottle

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21 Active Root tip cut Root tip dipped in Pesticide

22 Pesticide was applied to the crown and stem of palms by soaking method. 1. Endosulfan 2. Supracide (0.1%) and 3. Decis (0.01%) recorded the least infestations. In another trial Endosulfan (0.1%) and Dimethoate (0.1%) proved effective in preventing infestations. The soil drenching with Confidor 15 ml in 10 L water per palm or soil application of Confidor 5 G 100 g per palm was not effective Application of Confidor 5 G 100 g per palm has not prevented pest attack. Eastern Province, KSA, ( ) 1996)

23 (Present) Source: Green World Consulting, Italy Unit of high pressure Stem Injection

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25 (Present 2009)

26 Movement of offshoots within infested area. Transport of planting material to other regions within the country. Transport from one country to other. Serious consideration should be given based on sound scientific principles. Emphasis should be to contain the infestation.

27 First reported in the year International experts engaged for research and development. Spread and establishment of the Red Palm Weevil was very rapid Indian Technical team International project on biocontrol agents. Several Universities, Research Institutes, and Private sector agencies actively engaged in research. RPW RC has linkages with all the Ministry of Agriculture and other Research Institutes.

28 S. No. Description Year No. of infestations (S.No. 6-7) 2. No. of injections No. of fumigations No. of inject.ion fumigation 5. No. of clean insecticide 6. Total palms treated (S.No. 2-5) 7. Total palms removed Old palms removed No. of palms soaked

29 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF INFESTED PAMS FROM 1993 TO No. of Palms % of Infestation 7 NUMBER OF PALMS INFESTED % OF INFESTED PALMS YEAR

30 AVERAGE NUMBER OF ADULT RED PALM WEEVILS CAPTURED IN DIFFERENT MONTHS 7 ADULT WEEVILS WEEVILS/TRAP/WEEK JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH Year 1995

31 TEMPERATURE C Figure 3 b. AVERAGE MAXI MUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN AL QATIF JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH Year 1995 MAX. TEMP. MIN. TEMP. RH% RH (%)

32 Number of Palms : 23,000,000 Yield Estimated : 986,409 tons

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34 Microwave technologies 1 Red Weevil Buster Jordan High radiofrequency jamming hit the tree. Reaches very high temperatures of up to 60 degrees Celsius. These highfrequency waves will produce heat inside the tree to kill to all organisms. Microwave technologies 2 EcoPalm Ring BioElle Microwave co. Modena, Italy

35 Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes namely Heterorhabditis bacteriphora., Steinernema spp. and isolates already tested. Beauveria bassiana and many isolates were tested against RPW. Methods for the formulation of these biocontrol agents and application in field has been tested. Integration of the most potent biocontrol agents in the management programs may be fully explored.

36 Pros Sterilized males when release will reduce the progeny Sterilization techniques already available Rearing techniques though cumbersome are available Will not cause any environmental effects Cons Lab production of adequate number of adults is tough Females mate multiple times, diluting the effects of sterile male release

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38 Identifying potential botanicals testing against various stages of insect. Assessing the efficacy of any candidate natural product or a derivative with some degree of activity like toxicity, repellency, deterrency, prevention of oviposition, physiological alterations, etc. Use of validated natural products in the prophylactic methods. Also exploring possible uses in the Pull and Push system. Neem, Pongamia, Turmeric and derivatives several others.

39 Recent studies indicated the presence of higher levels of pesticide residues indicating a hazardous trend in the date palm cultivation. There is a need to take up the residue studies in the date fruits from various sources of Kingdom to ensure safety standards.

40 Research on Red Palm Weevil (RPW) molecular biology and biotechnology Development of a diagnostic kit for early detection of RPW. DNA fingerprinting of RPW adults from different areas. National and International locations.

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43 Climate Change and Pest Response Climate change results in increased carbon dioxide concentrations and increasing temperatures. This will have substantial impact on plant-insect interactions, integrated pest management programs and the dispersal and establishment of non-native pests in new regions. Altered natural ecosystems will also affect the biodiversity and several insect species are likely to change how much they eat in response to changing host-plant nutrition. In response to the rising temperatures, insects are likely to develop more rapidly and create more problems. It is a big challenge for us to maintain sustainable agro-ecosystems and preserve the balance in environment. Associated changes in climatic boundaries and agro-ecosystem borders will have significant implications for the population dynamics of native pests as well as for the occurrence and severity of invasive species. John T. Trumble and Casey D. Butler, (2009); Bale et al., (2002)

44 Research may be more intensified especially to detect the pest in early stages New electronic devices may be needed to reduce use of chemicals Explore viable new eco-friendly methods of control Results of research should be passed on to extension agencies and other concerned departments

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46 Al Kharj, January 2010

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