Studies on Induced Chemical Mutagenesis in Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

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1 Article International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine, 2015, 6(1): International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine Journal homepage: ISSN: Florida, USA Studies on Induced Chemical Mutagenesis in Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) R. Elangovan 1, *, P. Pavadai 2 1 Research and Development Centre, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, India 2 P.G. & Research Department of Botany, Periyar Arts College, Cuddalore, India * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; indsankar@rediffmail.com. Article history: Received 16 January 2015, Received in revised form 19 February 2015, Accepted 22 February 2015, Published 1 March Abstract: Mutation breeding in crop plants is an effective approach in improvement of crop having narrow genetic base such as Bhendi or okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). The main objective of the present study is to determine the effect of different concentration of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and diethyl sulphate (DES) (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.00%). The observations were recorded in M1 and M2 generations on different morphology and yield characteristics. The morphology and yield characters such as days of first flower, root length, shoot length, seedling survival, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight. Effects of EMS and DES treatment were observed in M1 generation gradually reduced in all parameters except days to first flower to increase concentration of treatment. In M2 populations, the significant increase of grain yields and yield components of Bhendi were observed. Potential high yielding mutants were identified in progenies of treated seeds. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus; Bhendi; okra; Induced mutation; chemical mutagenesis. 1. Introduction Mutation breeding has been widely used for the improvement of plant characters in various

2 31 crops. It is a powerful and effective tool in the hands of plant breeders especially for autogamous crops having narrow genetic base (Micke, 1988). In any mutation breeding program, selection of an effective and efficient mutagen is very essential to produce high frequency of desirable mutation. Many chemical mutagens have been employed for obtaining useful mutants in various crop species (Singh and Singh, 2001). The role of mutation breeding increases the genetic variability for the desired traits in various crop plants, and have been proved beyond doubt by a number of scientists (Tah, 2006; Adamu and Aliyu, 2007; Khan and Goyal, 2009; Kozgar et al., 2011; Mostafa, 2011). Several factors, such as properties of mutagens, duration of treatment, Ph-pre and post treatment, temperature and oxygen concentration, influence the effect of mutagens. The genus Abelmoschus, belongs to family Malvaceae, is represented by 12 species (Bentham and Hooker, 1867), in which the most common vegetable crop, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is included. A. esculentus is a multipurpose crop valued for its tender and delicious fruits. Okra is the sixth important popular vegetable crop, and widely grown under varying climatic conditions in almost all parts of India throughout the year except in the mountainous region. It is estimated that world okra production is about 5 to 6 million tonnes per year. India is the largest producer of okra covering an area of 3.8 lakh hectares with an annual production of lakh tones (Gangashetty et. al., 2010). Immature green fruits are cooked in curry and soups. High iodine content of fruits helps to control goiter. However, the widespread incidence of yellow vein mosaic disease in this crop has affected its successful cultivation. It is a virus disease transmitted by the white fly (Bemisia tabaci). Induced mutation is highly effective in enhancing natural genetic resources, and has been used in developing improved cultivars of cereals, fruits and other crops (Lee et al., 2002). In okra, mutation breeding has been done by using different doses of gamma rays (Norfadzrin et al., 2007; Manju and Gopimony, 2009; Phadvibulya et al., 2009; Hegazi and Hamideldin, 2010; Muralidharan and Rajendran, 2013). With the objective of producing disease resistant variety, chemical mutagenesis was done in A. esculentus in this study, and the effect of EMS and DES treated on the various yield attributing characters were reported. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials Seeds of Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench-Malvaceae) varieties Arka anamika were obtained from Vegetable Crop Seed Production, Tamil Nadu Agriculture Research Center, Palur, Cuddalore, India. This variety was used for chemical treatment for further improvement of characters in the present study. The seeds were presoaked in distilled water for 6 h at room temperature (25 C) (hydropriming). Then the seeds were treated in chemical mutagens namely, EMS and DES at six

3 32 different concentrate levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6%). The experiments were conducted during the year 2013 and 2014 at Department of Botany, Poombukar Arts College, Nagai. The measurement of experimental field was kept as split out in to four rows with row to row distance 30 cm while plant to plant distance 20 cm. Each replication was composed of four sub plots. Each sub plot contained 100 plants, i.e. 25 plants in each row. In this way the total area along with 4 replications was 10 m 5 m. Total sub plots were 16 and each plot of 3 m 2 m. All the plots were irrigated thoroughly and adequately from well. Similar and equal dose of NP fertilizer was maintained in all the varieties to evaluate their actual performance against the prevailing condition. The fertilizer was used in three splits in Top Dressing method. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replicates Measurements Vegetative growth characters After 10 weeks from sowing, the following growth criteria were recorded using ten random plants from each treatment: days of first flower, root length, shoot length, seedling survival, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight Seed yield At seed harvest stage, ten random plants from each treatment were used to record the following data: number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight Seed quality Four random samples, 100 seeds each, were used from each treatment for calculating the following records: germination percentage (%), germination rate (day), seedling and root length (cm), and fresh and dry weight of seedling (g). Germination rate was calculated according to the following formula Statistical Analysis Number of seed germination Germination rate = 100% Total number of seed sown The data so collected for each parameter were averaged and was subjected to statistical analysis as proposed by Steel and Terrie (1980). When significant results were obtained for all parameters then

4 33 LSD tests were applied for comparison among the means of treatment. All the results were compared at 5% probability 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. M1 Generation The effects of EMS and DES on various characters, such as seed germination, survival of seedlings, days of first flower, height of plants, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight of M1 generation, were recorded. The direct effect of the mutagen is seen in the first generation of mutagenesis. The morphology and yield characters, such as seed germination, survival of seedlings, days of first flower, height of plants, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight, gradually reduced except days to first flower (Table 1). Table 1. Effect of EMS and DES on seed germination, growth and yield parameters in M1 generation Treatment (Conc.) Germinat. 10th day (%) Seedling survival1 30th day (%) Days to first flowering (days) Plant height (cm) No. of fruits per plant Fruit length (cm) Seed yield per plant (g) Fresh weight per plant (g) Dry weight per plant (g) 100 seed weight (g) Control EMS 0.1% % % % % % DES 0.1% % % % % % M2 Generation The details of various morphology and yield characters, such as days of first flower, height of plants, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight, are presented separately Days of first flower The data on days of first flower is presented in Table 2. The days of first flower ranged from

5 to 39.7 days. The minimum days (34.2 days) to first flower was observed at 0.5% of EMS treatment while the maximum days (39.7 days) to first flower was observed at 0.6% of DES treatment compared to the control. Similar results have been obtained in soybean (Yamashita and Kawai, 1987; Balakrishnan, 1991). Packiaraj (1988) studied the effect of gamma rays on cowpea. Table 2. Effect of EMS and DES on growth and yield parameters in M2 generation Treatment (Conc.) Days to first flowering (days) Plant height (cm) No. of fruits per plant Fruit length (cm) Seed yield per plant (g) Fresh weight per plant (g) Dry weight per plant (g) 100 seed weight (g) Control EMS 0.1% % % % % % DES 0.1% % % % % % Plant height Height of the plants at harvest ranged from to cm. The height of the plants was cm at the exposure of 0.5% of EMS, while the height of the plants was only cm at the exposure of 0.6% of EMS. The control plant was observed at cm. This showed the effect of mutagen on the height of the plant where plant height moderate value for all treatment. The same results in plant height were also noticed in 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. In the previous report, height of the plants derived from 400 Gy treated seeds exceeded to that of control (Hegazi and Hamideldin, 2010) Number of fruits (Yield) The maximum number of fruits (30.6) was developed from 0.5% EMS of exposure, while the lowest number (22.1) was observed in control. A regular increase in fruit number due to increasing levels of mutagenic treatment was observed. All treatment was recorded at moderate and high level with compared to control plants. Similar results were reported in soybean (Balakrishnan, 1991; Pavadai et al., 2010) and cowpea (Gnanamurthy et al., 2012) Fruit length The maximum fruit length (13.1 cm) was observed in 0.5% EMS treatment, and the minimum

6 35 fruit length (10.4 cm) was observed in 0.6% DES treatment when compared to control (11.8 cm). Progressive increase in fruit length as a result of direct effect of increasing levels of EMS and DES treatment was observed. Similar results have been obtained in soybean (Yamashita and Kawai, 1987; Balakrishnan, 1991). Packiaraj (1988) studied the effect of gamma rays on cowpea Seed yield per plant Seed yield per plant ranged from g in 0.5% of EMS treatment to g in 0.6% of DES treatment. Increase in seed number with increase in level of treatments in EMS and DES except high concentration of DES treatment was observed. Similar results have been obtained in okra (Norfadzrin et al., 2007; Manju and Gopimony, 2009) Fresh weight per plant and dry weight per plant The maximum number of fruits (136.8 and 25.1 g) was developed from 0.5% of EMS exposure, while the lowest number (113.1 and 19.2 g) was observed in exposure to 0.6% of DES. A regular increase in fruit number due to increasing levels of mutagenic treatment was observed. All treatment was recorded at moderate and high level with compared to control plants. Similar results were reported in soybean (Balakrishnan, 1991; Pavadai et al., 2010) and cowpea (Gnanamurthy et al., 2012) seed weight The 100 seeds each from every treatment were collected at random and weighed. The maximum seed weight (7.62 g) was seen in 0.4% DES exposure and the lowest (5.72 g) in 0.6% DES exposure. Regular increase in weight of 100 seeds was observed with increase in concentration of EMS and DES treatment compared to control (6.17 g). Similar results were reported in cowpea (Gnanamurthy et al., 2012). 4. Conclusions In M1 generation, the morphology and yield characters, such as seed germination, survival of seedlings, days of first flower, height of plants, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, seed yield per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, and 100 seed weight, gradually reduced except days to first flower. In M2 generation, all parameters were recorded in moderate and high value. The highest mean value for all parameters was recorded in 0.5% of EMS and 0.4% of DES treatment than the other treatments. The maximum 100 seed weight was recorded in 0.4% of DES treatment.

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