Identify Promising Parents and Crosses of Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) for Improvement in Irrigated and Drought Conditions

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1 2017; 6(4): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: JPP 2017; 6(4): Received: Accepted: Rajdeep Mundiyara Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, SKN College of Agriculture (SKNAU), Jobner, (RJ.), India ML Jakhar Professor of Plant Breeding and Genetics, SKN College of Agriculture (SKNAU), Jobner (Raj.) India Identify Promising Parents and Crosses of Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) for Improvement in Irrigated and Drought Conditions Rajdeep Mundiyara and ML Jakhar Abstract The parents (varieties) 1359 and 1375 superior in all the environments, 314 in the environment-ii and III were found to be superior based on vi effects and per se performance not only for seed yield per plant but for some of the other yield traits studied. The parents worth considered on the basis of hi values were 1375 in environment-i, 314 in environment-ii, while 1415 and 1359 in the environment-iii and 314, 1359 in environment-iv. It was therefore recommended to include these parents in hybridization programme to improve seed yield and seed quality. Highly heterotic crosses 1351 x 314, 314 x 1359, 1415 X 2002 and T-27 x 2002 superior in all the four environments, were desirable as they had high seed yield per plant, high sii values, with high heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis not only for seed yield per plant but for some than the other yield traits studied. Keywords: Varietal diallel, Taramira, Parents, Crosses, Eruca sativa 1. Introduction Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) is an oilseed crop that can be successfully grown on dry land areas of north-west India on poor sandy soils with conserved moisture. Taramira has sporophytic type of self-incompatibility therefore; highly cross-pollinated crop (Sharma et al., 1985) [11]. Taramira (Erucasativa Mill.) is important winter season oil seed crop of the family Brassicaceae. Taramira is a highly drought tolerant crop, it can be successfully grown as a rainfed crop even on soils with moderate water retaining capacity. The crop is especially suitable for the areas having meager or no irrigation facilities as it has efficient root system to extract moisture from deep soil horizons. During the periods of severe drought coupled with late Rabi rains, taramira is the only alternative available for sowing on soils having limited moisture supply. Good yield and economic returns could be obtained by a crop sown as late as December first week. Taramira oil is mainly used in industries. Genetic parameters obtained from one environment (season) may be biased because of the genotype x environment interaction (G x E) of the quantitative traits. It is therefore, necessary to take into account the G x E interaction while determining the estimates of various genetic parameters to have unbiased picture in the expression of various characters. Correspondence Rajdeep Mundiyara Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, SKN College of Agriculture (SKNAU), Jobner, (RJ.), India Materials and methods The eight genetically diverse open pollinated populations were crossed in all possible combination (excluding reciprocals) during Rabi season of in a varietal diallel fashion plants randomly selected in a variety were crossed with a number of randomly selected plants from other parent so that a population crosses were obtained. The resulting 28 F 1 s along with parents were sown in randomized block design under 4 environments during the next season ( ) as detailed below- Normal date of sowing ( ) with two irrigations, designated as E-I, Normal date of sowing ( ) with conserved moisture, designated as E-II, In late sowing ( ) with one irrigations, designated as E-III, In late sowing ( ) with conserved moisture, designated as E-IV, in each of the above environments, the whole set of experimental material was planted in 3 replication at the Agricultural Research Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, each replication had two rows plot, each row of 5 m length. Row to row and plant to plant distance were kept 30 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Observations were taken, namely days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, number of siliquae per plant, siliqua length (cm), seeds per siliqua, seed yield per plant (g), test weight (g) and oil content (%), were noted. ~ 789 ~

2 Results and discussion Varietal mean for days to flowering was found to be with a range of (1212) to (314) in the environment-i, whereas the crosses mean was with a range of (1351 x 1415) to ( 1375 x 2002) in the environment-i. The parents flowered earlier in all the environments as compared to crosses. Average mean of varieties for days to maturity were , , and in environment-i, environment-ii, environment-iii and environment-iv, respectively and average maturity of their crosses were ,133.42, and in environment-i, environment-ii, environment-iii and environment-iv, respectively indicating that the mean of parents for days to maturity was low in all the environments comparison to their crosses.. The varietal mean for plant height was cm with a range of cm ( 1351) to cm (1359) in the environment-i. The crosses mean were cm with a range of cm (1415 x 1359) to cm (1375 x 1212) in the environment-i. The mean and range of crosses were higher magnitude than varieties (parents) (Table 2). The varietal mean of primary branches per plant was 5.11 with a range of 4.63 (1359) to 5.63 (1415) in the environment-i. The crosses mean were 5.49 with a range of 4.67 (1375 x 1415) to 6.87 (1375 x 1212) in the environment-i. This is indicating that the primary branches per plant did vary among parents and crosses in all environments. The varietal mean of secondary branches per plant was with a range of 9.33 (1351) to (2002) in the environment-i. The crosses mean were with a range of 9.50 (T-27 x 1415) to (2002 x 1359) in the environment-i. This is indicating that the secondary branches per plant did vary among parents and crosses. Average mean of Siliqua length (cm) for varieties and their crosses were observed to be 2.20 cm and 2.45 cm, respectively in the environment-i and 2.23 cm and 2.30 cm, in the environment-ii, while 2.18 cm and 2.24 cm, respectively in the environment-iii and 1.93 cm and 2.12 cm in environment-iv (Table 2). The overall mean of seed yield per plant of varieties and their crosses was observed to be 4.13 g and 4.96 g, respectively in the environment-i, 3.81 g and 4.50 g, respectively in the environment-ii, while 3.69 g and 4.07 g, in the environment- III and 2.59 g and 3.10 g, in the environment-iv. The observed varietal and their crosses means of test weight (g) were 3.66 g and 4.14 g, respectively in the environment-i and 3.69 g and 3.97 g, in the environment-ii, while 3.57 g and 3.67 g, in the environment-iii and 3.04 g and 3.38 g, respectively in the environment-iv. Average mean of varieties and their crosses for oil content (%) was observed to be and per cent, respectively in the environment-i and and per cent in the environment-ii, whereas and per cent, in the environment-iii and and per cent, respectively in the environment-iv indicating that oil percentage exhibited almost similar mean values in parents and crosses in all the environments (Table 2). The result indicated that high mean value of crosses than parents for the characters namely plant height, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant, siliqua length, number of seeds per siliqua, seed yield per plant, test weight and oil content by date of sowing with irrigation and conserved moisture on the basis of mean value (per se performance) of parents and crosses in all four environments (Table 2). On the basis of per se performance the parent 1359 was top seed yielder per plant in environment-i and environment-ii, and for plant height in (tall) overall the environments and for siliquae per plant in the environment-i and parent 314 was top seed yield per plant in environment-ii and for test weight in the environment-iii and for oil content in environment-i and II. Parent 1375 was top seed yielder per plant in all the environments. The cross 1351x 314 and T-27 X 2002 for seed yield per plant in overall the environments, cross 1212 X 1359 for days to maturity and oil content in the all environments (Table 3). Significant desirable h i effects was observed in 1359 for seed yield per plant in all the environments except in environment-iii, number of seeds per siliqua in environments- I and III and secondary branches per plant for all the environments; 2002 for plant height and secondary branches per plant for all the environments and in oil content except in environment-iv; in 1212 for primary branches per plant for all the environments; in 314 for siliquae per plant in environment-i and III; in T-27 only one for number of seeds per siliqua in the environment-i and III. The earlier studied in taramira by Nehra (1992) [9], in Brassica juncea by Gupta et al. (1991) [2], Kumar and Rathore (2004) [4], Nehra and Sastry (1995) [8], Kumar et al. (2007) [4] and Sharma et al. (2011) [10]. As per the Gardner and Eberhart (1966), analysis II, the partitioning of the entries mean sum of squares into different components suggested that both the variety (v i) as well as heterosis (h ii ) components (Table to 4.3.4) were significant for most of the characters, indicated that the variety component (v i) was significant for all the characters in environment-i while variety component (v i) was significant for all the characters except number of seeds per siliqua in environment-ii, while test weight in environment- IV, indicating that sufficient genetic variability in the parental material was existing for most of the characters, supporting studies were done by Nehra (1992) [9], Nehra and Sastry (1995) [8], Kumar et al. (2007) [4] and by Sharma et al. (2011) [10] in taramira found significant v i component for all the traits as per the present study in taramira. The overall heterosis (h ii ) was highly significant for all the characters in all the environments, indicating the importance of heterosis in other words the importance of non-additive component in the inheritance of the traits. This is in agreement with the finding of Singh and Mehta (1954), Das and Rai (1972) [1], Nehra (1992) [9], Nehra and Sastry (1995) [8], Mahmood et al. (2003) [5], Mahto and Haider (2004) [6], Nassimi et al. (2006) [7], Turi et al. (2006) [13], Kumar et al. (2007) [4] and Sharma et al. (2011) [10]. The varieties 1359 in the environment-i and environment-iii, and 314 in the environment-ii and environment-iii and 1212 in the environment-i and environment-ii, while 1375 in the environment-i, II and environment-iv were found top seed yielder with high v i effects and per se performance values over almost all the characters studied (Table 3). The other parents worth considered on the basis of h i values were 1359 in the environment-i, II and environment-iv, while 314 in the environment-ii and environment-iv and 1415 in environment-iii not only for seed yield but for some of the other yield traits studied. ~ 790 ~

3 Table 1: Top varieties and crosses with highly significant desirable components of heterosis in all the environments. Characters Days to flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Primary branches per plant Secondary branches per plant Vi Hi I II III IV I II III IV T-27* (- (-2.07) (-2.25) 3.37) (- 1.46) (-1.58) (-3.62) 1375 (-2.15) (-1.92) (-1.25) (8.48) (3.41) (0.52) (1.50) T-27* (0.83) (0.66) (0.60) (-2.04) (8.82) (4.05) (0.29) T-27* (1.85) (1.45) (-1.82) (10.05) (3.53) (2.07) (0.46) T-27* (0.97) (0.76) (-2.53) (7.06) (4.15) (3.70) (2.83) (0.34) (1.67) (0.86) (0.50) (-1.09) (1.80) (0.51) (0.49) (0.36) (2.55) (1.58) (0.37) (0.25) (0.66) (0.59) (2.92) (1.63) (0.42) (0.15) (0.51) (0.39) (3.52) (1.23) (0.21) (0.80) (0.63) 1314* Siliquae per plant Siliqua length (cm) Number of seeds per siliqua Seed yield per plant (g) Test weight (g) (11.11) (10.34) (0.09) (1.78) T-27* (1.29) (1.08) (0.49) (0.28) (9.68) (8.78) (0.27) (0.14) 314 (0.38) (1.29) (0.45) (0.41) (0.30) (6.48) (6.30) (5.76) (0.40) (0.39) (0.15) (0.17) (3.38) (1.16) (0.67) (0.59) (0.46) (0.42) (0.54) (7.62) (0.14) (0.95) (0.87) (0.15) (7.95) (0.13) T-27* (1.31) (0.40) (0.31) (0.43) (8.24) (7.54) (0.13) (0.08) (1.01) (0.69) 1351* (0.20) (3.93) (3.75) (3.35) (0.23) (0.92) T-27* (0.71) (0.21) (0.39) (4.88) (3.30) (0.14) (0.91) (0.53) - ~ 791 ~

4 Oil content (%) (0.76) (0.27) (0.50) (0.16) - (0.95) (1.73) (0.30) (0.69) (0.38) Table 2 (a): Per se performance of parents and F1, s Parents/F1s Days to flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV T-27 (P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) (P5) (P6) (P7) (P8) Mean of parents P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P5 x P P5 x P P5 x P P6 x P P6 x P P7 x P Mean of crosses General mean= Table 2 (b): Per se performance of parents and F1, s Primary branches per plant Secondary branches per plant Siliquae per plant Parents/F1s Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. Env. I I II III IV I II III IV II III IV T-27 (P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) (P5) (P6) (P7) (P8) Mean of parents P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P ~ 792 ~

5 P1 x P P1 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P5 x P P5 x P P5 x P P6 x P P6 x P P7 x P Mean of crosses General mean= Table 2 (c): Per se performance of parents and F1, s Parents/F1s Siliqua length (cm) No. of seeds per siliqua Seed yield per plant (g) Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV T-27 (P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) (P5) (P6) (P7) (P8) Mean of parents P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P5 x P P5 x P P5 x P P6 x P P6 x P P7 x P Mean of crosses General mean= ~ 793 ~

6 Table 2 (d): Per se performance of parents and F1, s Parents/F1s Test weight (g) Oil content (%) Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV Env. I Env. II Env. III Env. IV T-27 (P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) (P5) (P6) (P7) (P8) Mean of parents P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P1 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P2 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P3 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P4 x P P5 x P P5 x P P5 x P P6 x P P6 x P P7 x P Mean of crosses General mean= Table 3: Ranking of varieties based on vi values, hi values and per se performance values in all the environments. Seed Yield Per Plant (G) Average Overall The Traits Parents Vi Hi Per Se Performance Vi i Per Se Performance Environments T-27 (P1) 1351(P2) 1375(P3) 1415(P4) 1212(P5) 2002(P6) 314(P7) 1359(P8) I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II ~ 794 ~

7 Pooled Overall Environments III IV Vi VI VIII I IV III VII II V Hi VIII VII VI IV V II III I Per Se Performance VI VIII I IV III VII II V References 1. Das B, Rai B. Heterosis in inter-varietal crosses in toria. Indian J. Genet. 1972; 32: Gupta VP, Sekhan MS, Satija DR. Studies on genetic diversity, heterosis and combining ability in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] Indian J Kumar D, Yadav IS. Genetics of yield and its components in taramira. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1986; 56(3): Kumar JP, Sharma KC, Sastry EVD. Heterosis in taramira [Eruca sativa (Mill.)] for seed yield and oil content. Indian J. Genet. Pl. Breeding. 2007; 67(1): Mahmood T, Muhammad A, Muhammad A, Iqbal S. Heterosis for some quantitative characters in Brassica junceal. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2003; 2(1): Mahto JL, Haider ZA. Heterosis in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss]. J Trop. Agric. 2004; 42(1-2): Nassimi AW, Raziuddin, Sardar A, Gulam H, Naushad A. Combining ability analysis for maturity and other traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). J. Agronomy. 2006; 5(3): Nehra MR, Sastry EVD. Varietal diallel analysis for yield and yield traits in taramira (Eruca sativa). Annals of Arid Zone, 1995; 34: Nehra MR. Genetic architecture of yield and yield related traits in taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.). Ph.D. Thesis, RAU, Bikaner, Campus-Jobner, Sharma KC, Kumar JP, Sastry EVD, Jakhar ML. Diallel analysis in taramira (Eruca sativa). Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 2011; 2(1): Sharma N, Bajaj M, Shivanna KR. Over-coming selfincompatibility through the use of lectins and sugars in petunia and Eruca. Annals of Botany. 1985; 55: Singh M, Singh RK. A comparison of different methods of half-diallel analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1984; 67: Turi NA, Raziuddin Shah SS, Sardar A. Estimation of heterosis for some important traits in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) J Agric. Bio. Sci. 2006; 1(4):7-10. ~ 795 ~