Semester 1 Biology Mid-Term Exam Review Guide

Transcription

1 Semester 1 Bilgy Mid-Term Exam Review Guide Please knw that the exam will include the cncepts belw (including but nt limited t). Students are als respnsible t lk ver the Quizzes, Interactive Ntebk, Labs, etc. Unit 1: Intrductin t Bilgy (Chapter 1) Lab equipment Identificatin and functins Triple beam balance Graduated cylinder Petri dish Pipette Petri dish Test tube Funnel etc. Prper lab attire & lab ethics Scientific methd Steps invlved Independent variable Dependent variable Cnstant Cntrl Data Be able t interpret data frm a chart, graph, r table Majr Themes in Bilgy Characteristics f living rganisms Unit 2: Chemistry f Life (Chapter 6) State f Matter Slids, liquids, gases Atms, Elements, Mlecules, Cmpunds etc. Chemical bnds Inic, Cvalent, Vander Waals frces, ph scale Acids Bases Neutral Chemical reactins Prducts and reactants What happens at equilibrium? Activatin energy Enzymes Catalysts Mlecules f Life Carbhydrates Starchy fds and sugars Mnsaccharides/Glucse Prteins Building blcks are amin acids Lipids

2 Fats, ils, and chlesterl Nucleic acids DNA and RNA Adhesin versus chesin Atms Basic unit f life Outside nucleus Electrns negative Inside nucleus Prtns - psitive Neutrns n charge Slutes, slvents, and slutins What is a catalyst? (give an example) What is an enzyme? (give an example) Use the diagram belw t explain hw an enzyme wrks. Unit 3: Cell Structure and Functin, Energy (Chapter 7) Cell Thery 3 majr principles Prkarytes vs. Eukarytes Characteristics f each Similarities and differences Cell Organelles Mitchndria Lyssmes Ribsmes Chlrplasts Flagella Cilia Plant cells vs. Animal cells Characteristics f each Similarities and differences Cell Membrane Phsphlipid bilayer Hmestasis Selective permeability Cncentratin gradient Diffusin and Osmsis Passive transprt (n ATP required) Osmsis Diffusin Facilitated diffusin Types f slutins Istnic

3 Hyptnic Hypertnic Active Transprt (ATP required) Endcytsis Phagcytsis Pincytsis Excytsis Vesicles Energy String Mlecules Adensine Triphsphate Structure Functin Adensine Diphsphate Structure Functin Unit 3: Cellular Reprductin (Chapter 9) What is the difference between a chrmsme and a chrmatin? (label the parts f the figure belw) What ccurs during Interphase? (draw and explain) What ccurs during Prphase? (draw and explain) What ccurs during Metaphase? (draw and explain)

4 What ccurs during Anaphase? (draw and explain) What ccurs during Telphase? (draw and explain) What ccurs during Cytkinesis? (draw and explain) The Cell Cycle Describe what happens during each phase f the cell cycle. What des a cell make during the synthesis stage? What 3 stages make up interphase? What happens during each stage f interphase? Mitsis and Cytkinesis What is a chrmsme? Be able t label the parts f a chrmsme. What happens during each stage f mitsis and cytkinesis? What des the cell lk like during mitsis and cytkinesis? What des mitsis and cytkinesis prduce? Regulatin f the Cell Cycle Be able t define the fllwing terms: cancer, apptsis, carcingen, malignant tumr and benign tumr. What is the difference between cancer cells and nrmal cells?

5 Asexual reprductin Budding Fragmentatin Binary fissin Multicellular Life What is a tissue, rgan, rgan system, stem cell? List the sequence f prgressin frm least cmplex t mst cmplex structure? Unit 4- Sexual Reprductin & Genetics (Ch. 10 Meisis and Mendel) Chrmsmes and Meisis Smatic cells Bdy cells Diplid Gametes Sex cells Haplid What are hmlgus chrmsmes? What are autsmes? What are sex chrmsmes? What genetic material des an rganism receive frm their mther? What genetic material des an rganism receive frm their father? What ccurs during fertilizatin? Prcess f Meisis Cells g thrugh 2 runds f divisin t prduce genetically different haplid cells. Hmlgus chrmsmes vs. sister chrmatids. What happens during each stage f meisis? When d hmlgus chrmsmes separate? When d sister chrmatids separate? What des the cell lk like during each stage f meisis? Gametgenesis What des the sperm cntribute t the embry? What des the egg cntribute t the embry? Hw des the final stage f gametgenesis differ between the sexes. Meisis and Genetic Variatin Crssing ver Genetic linkage Unit 5 Mlecular Genetics (Chapter 12) What des DNA stand fr? What is DNA s primary functin? What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA? Name the 3 parts f a DNA nucletide. Name the 4 nitrgen bases n DNA. What scientist(s) is/are respnsible fr determining the structure f the DNA mlecule? Describe the shape f a DNA mlecule. What makes up the "steps r rungs" f a DNA mlecule?

6 What makes up the "backbne" f the DNA mlecule? Define DNA replicatin. Where des DNA replicatin ccur? Hw many amin acids are used t make up all the prteins in the human bdy? What is the functin f mrna? What is transcriptin? Where des it ccur? What is a cdn? What is the functin f trna? What is translatin? Where des it ccur? What is an anticdn? Define mutatin. What are the tw types f mutatin? List and describe the types f gene mutatins. List and describe the types f chrmsmal mutatins