A REVIEW AND VISIONARY CONCEPT OF HUMAN TISSUE SKIN BASED ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT AND SYSTEMS FOR ABO BLOOD GROUP IDENTIFICATION

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1 International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 9, Issue 4, July August 2018, pp , Article ID: IJARET_09_04_014 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication A REVIEW AND VISIONARY CONCEPT OF HUMAN TISSUE SKIN BASED ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT AND SYSTEMS FOR ABO BLOOD GROUP IDENTIFICATION M. S. Manavadaria V. T. Patel Depart. of EC Eng., CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa , Gujarat, INDIA S. P. Kosta Head, Charotar Space Research and Technology Centre, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, INDIA V. P. Tank V. T. Patel Depart. Of EC Eng., CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa , Gujarat, INDIA ABSTRACT This article presents a concept of Bio-Electronics with reference and review of research and development in the area of electronic circuits made on the basis of human tissues. In medical healthcare science, bio-material human tissue based electronic circuits are an innovative area of research. A multiple no of applications can be found based on such electronics in cyborg implant engineering, man-machine interface, human disease detection and healing and artificial body parts development. From long time, electronics has made an undeniable and valuable contribution in the field of medical instrumentation. Upcoming and recent new medical electronic devices are based on available medical or biological knowledge combined with technologies available in the electronics field. Electronics in medical area has a wide range of applications, from diagnostics to therapy, always aiming to provide new tools to improve the well-being of the population. Basically, fundamental electronic components diode and transistor made of skin is discussed here broadly. A visionary concept is presented at the end with conclusive remarks based on this research. Keywords: Bioelectronics, ABO Blood group system, Biological signal analysis, disease detection and healing. Cite this Article: M. S. Manavadaria, S. P. Kosta and V. P. Tank, A review and visionary concept of human tissue skin based electronic circuit and systems for ABO blood group identification, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 A review and visionary concept of human tissue skin based electronic circuit and systems for ABO blood group identification 1. INTRODUCTION Today medical science has grown up so much with basis of available medicine and treatment methodologies. The Bio-medical engineering and biotechnology are always helpful branches to develop this level till at better position. Normally the human disease healing is depending on artificial chemical drugs in form of medicine or medical treatments. The Ayurveda and meditation/yoga is also preferred therapy for some special cases. Even more there are no of different ways for different disease detection and healing. As per information availability, the concept of memristor, as a fourth missing element of core electronic components like resistor, capacitor and inductor was given by Prof. L. Chua first time in history in 1971 [1]. After long time of more than three decades, it was again reported in very famous scientific magazine "Nature" as well as in IEEE Spectrum by D. B. Strukov and his team and R.S. Williams respectively in 2008 [2,3]. A number of views and practical realisation has been carried out by scientists and engineers. In continuation Dr. S. P. Kosta and his team has reported liquid design of memristor using blood in 2011 which opened the gate of new direction towards combination of medical science and engineering. Here in this article to represent the concept of bio-electronics for human disease identification and healing, the first of all a very basic electronic component, Diode is represented with made of human tissue specifically skin. Then next two junction device, transistor is also represented in same manner. In continuation, instead of skin based, blood based transistor and later on to realise human body model, flowing condition of blood is considered for effective transistor. [11,14] The detailed methodology and result analysis is given in referred papers as mentioned in references. After understanding of such devices, a visionary concept of ABO blood group system is mentioned based on bioelectronics. Practical realisation for this and setup as well as for 25 samples result has been reported in result section. 2. LITERATURE SURVEYS Figure 1 Fundamental components of electronics [17] 2.1. Skin based diode Diode is a fundamental component used in electronic circuit. Ideal characteristics, symbol and practical characteristics of 1N4007 is given in below figures. It is interesting that very close (relatively) characteristics have been developed across human tissue skin. It is not just with specific finger, it is also with thumb and finger. For both condition result has been represented with figures editor@iaeme.com

3 M. S. Manavadaria, S. P. Kosta and V. P. Tank Figure 2 General purpose practical diode and skin based diode realisation and its characteristics [13] Here, technical terms have been explained with comparison of ideal performance in cited articles. In innovative way, it can be interpreted in the way that a normal human hand's skin based diode will provide the characteristics or shape of the curve like a P-N junction diode. It is also indicating that the human body temperature, pressure and sensing of voltages is normal if resultant is with same phase like electronic diode. It will be very interesting to perform and check same thing with abnormal condition of human bodies or with a human who have specific skin disease specifically related with hand finger. It may lead to improve biometric finger detection by analysing lots of results. This leads another way of understanding of human finger skin based bio-electronic diode's characteristics Figure 3 General purpose practical diode and skin based using finger and thumb diode realisation and its characteristics [13] 2.2. Skin based transistor Next discussion point is two junction devices; refer as a bipolar junction transistor. We all are very familiar with revolution change in electronics after invention of transistor since Now it's time to realise it from human tissues for combining electronic and detail analysis. Here in below figure ideal characteristics of BC547, for input and output configuration is given. In same manner an already realised transistor based on human skin as well as based on blood is represented. In addition to that flowing condition of blood is considered and for such transistor also input and output results are given in figures. Figure 4 General purpose and skin based transistor realisation and its characteristics [13,18] editor@iaeme.com

4 A review and visionary concept of human tissue skin based electronic circuit and systems for ABO blood group identification A common observation can be look out as like diode, in transistor also very similar pattern is identifying between ideal electronic transistor and human tissue based transistor. For electronics engineer it is very interesting point that an amplifier can also be realised on such concept and that is also realised in one of the journal article. [13] For biologist or medical practitioner, it will be attractive whether it will be applicable to only normal human body (without any kind of disease) or there will be any change in case of disease present. A suggestion may come out for further research. In simple direction, it should lead us in specific characteristic change according to circuit and human body disease Memristor This point is somewhat difference compare to junction devices. Here memristor is still on first step in application point of view in electronics engineering. Again, due to nonavailability of the memristor for general purpose, it is difficult to predict and compare electronic behaviour with human tissue blood behaviour. Even though scientists have already reported these in 2011 [8,12]. Figure 5 Skin based memristor realisation and its characteristics [12] 3. VISIONARY CONCEPT OF BLOOD GROUP DETECTION (METHODOLOGY) All the above results already tested and published so accepted by reviewers of journals also. These results indicate the chances of electronics behaviour matching with human tissues which helps to combine the electronics characteristics with human bodies for various applications. At this stage it may unexpected result for general purpose. To identify this we have also carried out one small research practical and analyse the result. This practical leads the concept towards human disease detection. A blood analysis is very common in now days. A person enters in to hospital with blood related issues or any other major injury or for unidentified disease; doctors always ask to get blood report first. The blood group identification in such case becomes very important. Basically there are total no of 8 classification can be happen in human blood groups as per ABO consideration. The Blood group types indicate that each blood cell has different characteristics with other blood group cell. If it is assume that there will be specific characteristics for each blood group then we should get 8 different results. If it is still related with electronics then circuit may have 8 different values of parameter or change in it with 8 possible ways. For simplicity to provide live touch to this imaginary concept, on primary basic with 25 samples (human bodies) a testing has been completed. The basic task was to identify the simple values of Resistor and Capacitor by assuming human body has impedance nature. The experiment method has been carried out with help of LCR meter. The two different frequencies have been selected 100 Hz and 1 KHz for operation. Randomly the picked up data was match with known blood groups as indicated in tables editor@iaeme.com

5 M. S. Manavadaria, S. P. Kosta and V. P. Tank 4. RESULT Based on the data available from practical first of all R vs C has been plotted to identify the overall ABO system characteristics. As first time viewer it has not very much clear result to detect specific blood group. But it is important to note down that each sample has different response with in particular range of R and C. Here sample taken are very fewer so it cannot be generalised right now. In second figure it is represented known blood group wise. It can be identified that blood group has not exact range but they may identify in separate level with overlap with each other. Table 1 Resistance and capacitance for human bodies Sr No. f=100 hz f=1 khz Blood C(nF) R(KΩ) C(nF) R(KΩ) Group A A B B B B B B B B B B B AB O O O X X X X X X X X Figure 5 Ratio of R and C comparison for ABO blood group system Figure 6 R and C comparison for ABO blood group system for range identification editor@iaeme.com

6 A review and visionary concept of human tissue skin based electronic circuit and systems for ABO blood group identification 5. CONCLUSION At this stage two parts can be forms for final line based on review and practical work carried out for real testing. As the flow represented in literature survey electronic realisation is possible using human body tissues. Fundamental components and basic circuits realised using this method may help to detect various defect in human body compare to normal functioning. Of course these characteristics may change when abnormal situation or human body with some disease is tested. Secondly as per changes in healthy condition, for electronic realisation is also vary as per human body tissues like blood (serum), skin, urine etc. The practical work of ABO blood group experiment and its result gives the justification for these conclusions. If large no of samples and very specific circuit is designed than one can easily specified the blood group. A good thing in this method is that, blood is not requiring for blood group identification. This conclusive mark is not the last part of this bioelectronics research, but it is the new concept beginning to visualise electronics importance for human disease detection and healing using such new way of biological signal analysis. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We hereby take the opportunity to express our sincere thanks towards all those people who have made the successful completion of this review and related experimental work possible. Our great obligations remain towards Dr. S. P. Kosta, for being a constant source of inspiration, and acting as a guide, helping me throughout my stint in this learning task, and who has done much beyond expectations to bring out the best in me. We are also thankful to EC department and CHARUSAT for providing us valuable recourses. Last but not least, our deepest gratitude to Almighty God for holding our hands and guiding us throughout our lives. REFERENCE 1. Hugo Fricke and Sterne Morse "The electric resistance and capacity of blood for frequencies between 800 and 4½ million cycles," The Journal of General Physiology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp , 20 Nov L. Chua, "Memristor-The missing circuit element," in IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 18, no. 5, pp , Sept V. K. Vransky, I. Emanuilov, & E. Kinnen "On the determination of the electrical impedance of human skin," Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 4, no 6, pp , R. S. Williams, "How we found the missing memristor," in IEEE Spectrum, vol. 45, no. 12, pp , Dec Strukov DB, Snider GS, Stewart DR & Williams RS, "The missing memristor found," Nature vol. 453 no 80, Gong WF, General Principles & Energy Production in Medical Physiology Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 23 edn : pp.3-4, Paulo M. Mendes, Celso P. Figueiredo, Mariana Fernandes, Oscar S. Gama, "Electronics in Medicine," in Springer Handbook of Medical Technolog, R. Kramme et. al ed. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, ch 74, pp , Kosta SP, et al. Human blood liquid memristor International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 3, pp , Kosta SP, Kosta YP, Chaudhary JP, Vaghela PR, Mehta H, et al. Biomaterial human body part (palm, finger) based electronic FET transistor International Journal Bio-Medical Engineering and Technology, vol. 10, pp , Kosta SP, et al. Physical model of human tissue skin based electronic transistor, International Journal of Biomechatronics and Biomedical Robotics, vol. 12, pp , editor@iaeme.com

7 M. S. Manavadaria, S. P. Kosta and V. P. Tank 11. Kosta SP et. al. "Human blood based electronic transistor," International Journal Medical Engineering Informatics, vol. 4, pp , Kosta SP, Archana D,Prateek G, Preeti N, Shakti K, et al. First physical model of human tissue skin based memristor and their Network, International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 5, pp. 5-19, Shiv Prasad Kosta, Y P Kosta, Mukta Bhatele, et al. "Bio-logical human tissue based electronic circuits - An alternate to drug therapy for sick-man (a perspective visionary concept)," J bioengineer & biomedical sci., vol. 3, issue 3, Shiv Prasad Kosta, Manthan Manavadaria et al. "Human blood plasma-based electronic integrated circuit amplifier configuration," The Journal of biomedical research, vol. 27, no. 4, October Manthan S. Manavadaria, Vishal P. Tank, et al. "First step towards liquid state electronics through analysis of liquid resistivity in water and serum using different electrodes," IOSR Journal of electronics and communication engineering, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 7-10, August Shivansh Dave and Manthan Manavadaria "Functional realization of electronic elements in liquid state: a review introducing electronic characteristics in liquid state," presented at International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques. [online] Available: Tikalon [Online]. Available: Learning About Electronics [Online]. Available: AUTHOR PROFILE M. S. Manavadaria, He has obtained his M. Tech. degree in Communication Engineering field from CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa and B.E. in EC field from DDIT, DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat. He has done his master s dissertation project as NFP-Intern at ITER-INDIA, Gandhinagar, Gujarat in Currently he is pursuing his Doctorate Degree course in Bio-Electronics area from CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, INDIA. His main interested areas are Bio-Electronics, Liquid State Electronics, RF & Microwave and Networking. At present he is working as assistant professor at EC Department, CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa. Dr. S. P. Kosta He is a Space Scientist, an Electronic Engineer and an Educationist. He has published around 140 research papers in reputed journals in electronics. As the Principal Technical Officer and Deputy Project Director, he contributed significantly for the development of the first satellite of India (1975) and has held prestigious positions in the Government of India (ISRO, Ministry of IT and Vice-chancellor of Jabalpur University). Currently he is working as Director of Charusat Space Research and Technology Center (CSRTC), CHARUSAT. V. P. Tank, He has obtained his M. E. degree in Communication Engineering field from L.D. Engineering College, GTU and B.E. in EC field from DDIT, DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat. He had worked as head of EC Department at Noble Engineering College, GTU, Junagadh in Currently he is pursuing his Doctorate Degree course in digital signal processing area from CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, INDIA. At present he is working as assistant professor at EC Department, CSPIT, CHARUSAT, Changa editor@iaeme.com