Applications of Antimatter. Carsten P. Welsch

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1 Applications of Antimatter Carsten P. Welsch

2 Overview Rocket Propulsion Positron Emission Tomography Cancer Therapy

3 Antimatter Propulsion Unparalled power and efficiency, 1000x greater than fusion Current work in long term storage Unfortunately, we can not produce enough by a factor of 10 9 or worse

4 Antiproton Production 1 mg/year Yield in antiproton production increases by a factor of 10 each ~2.5 years

5 Antiparticles in Industry?? Los Alamos R&D in production, storage,... with antipartcles NASA SBIR Phase II: Construction of a High Efficiency Antiproton Degrader/Accumulator to Support Advanced Propulsion Research By the end of the project, we intend to provide a potentially commercial source of low energy antiprotons in portable traps to the research community. USAF BAA Award: storage of positrons for Earth-to orbit propulsion

6 Still......produced amounts many orders of magnitude too low! Does that mean: Not possible?

7 Antimatter Catalyzed μfission/fusion Antimatter Annihilation Only small number available Hard to store Nuclear Fission Radioactive waste Least efficient Nuclear Fusion Hard to get started and sustain Combine three methods. Penn State University

8 Antimatter Catalyzed μfission/fusion Pellet is compressed using ion particle beams Pellet is irradiated with a 2ns burst of antiprotons Antiprotons annihilate some of the pellet, producing enough energy to cause the U-238 to fission Fission reaction ignites a fusion reaction within the Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) core Fusion reaction produces thrust. Penn State University

9 An Antimatter Thruster Produce (on Earth) the necessary amount of antiprotons. Store in a reservoir Prototype: HIPAT High Performance Antimatter Trap Anti-p are put in contact with HLi pellets. The microexplosions produce hot plasma. Plasma is expulsed at very high velocity

10 Prototype HIPAT (Penn State U) storage of 10 9 antiprotons

11 Positron Emission Tomography Inject short-lived, radioactive tracer isotope, incorporated into metabolically active molecule (typically fluorodeoxyglucose), Image: Siemens ECAT Exact HR+) Wait for tracer to become concentrated in tissues of interest, Detect decay (positron emission).

12 PET scheme Wiki

13 Molecular Imaging Molecular Imaging techniques directly or indirectly monitor or record the spatio-temporal distribution of molecular or cellular processes for biochemical, biological, diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Society of Nuclear Medicine

14 Why combine anatomy and function? to image different aspects of disease to identify non-specific tracer uptake to simplify the image interpretation to give added value to CT and PET D. Townsend CT (anatomy) PET/CT PET (function)

15 Specific tracers: 68 Ga-DOTATOC Tumor-specific tracer PET PET/CT M. Hofmann, Bern

16 Peripheral amyloidosis using 124 I-SAP Jon Wall, UTGSM Left Ventral UTGSM, ORNL, UTCVM, and Queens University, Kingston

17 Lung-specific Antibody mab (201B) Jon Wall, UTGSM µpet/ct: 124 I-labeled mab µspect/ct: 125 I-labeled mab

18 Panel detectors: P-5H PET scanner 36 cm 52 cm 5 heads; 30 rpm rotation of assembly block: 12 x 12 array of 4 x 4 x 20 mm 3 7 blocks (transaxial) x 10 blocks (axial) panel: 36 cm (transaxial) x 52 cm (axial)

19 Companion Animal Imaging Pre-therapy Head Front leg Frontal Sagittal Transverse Frontal Sagittal Transverse D. Townsend Pre-therapy Post-therapy

20 Impact of treatment on 5-year survival 100% Cancer type 80% 60% Localized disease Prostate Breast Colon 40% Lung 20% Diffuse metastatic disease Early detection Accurate staging Accurate monitoring Fortune Magazine, March 2004 D. Townsend

21 Innovations in PET technology Improvements in spatial resolution mm x 4.0 mm LSO 13 x 13 crystals/detector 2 mm slice width Recovery (%) D. Townsend 0 10 Sphere diameter

22 Improving PET Spatial Resolution x 8 elements/block 6.4 mm x 6.4 mm 3.3 Aug 15th, 2005: biograph; 8.6 mci; 60 min uptake x 13 elements/block 4.0 mm x 4.0 mm 8.6 Aug 11th, 2005: biograph HI-REZ; 11.2 mci; 90 min uptake D. Townsend

23 Prostate Cancer CT: 175 mas, 130 kv, 5 mm slices at 0.75 mm PET: 10 mci FDG, 90 min pi, 2 min/bed, 6 beds 78 year-old male, with biopsy-proven prostate adenocarcinoma and penile adenocarcinoma. Focal uptake in the prostate bed and in the penile shaft. Multiple foci in the pelvis compatible with skeletal metastases D. Townsend

24 Restaging Melanoma D. Townsend 68 year-old female, diagnosed with melanoma in Restaging following surgery and interferon treatment. Focal uptake close to site of original lesion. Remainder of study unremarkable.

25 3D Molecular Imaging

26 Current SPECT/CT Scanner Designs Skylight SPECT camera Brilliance CT scanner 6, 10, 16-slice MDCT < 1mm CT resolution Hawkeye Infinia SPECT camera X-ray tube: 140 kv; 2.5 ma power: 350 watt 20 s per slice; 1 cm width 2.5 mm in-plane CT resolution e.cam SPECT camera 1, 2, 6 slice MDCT 0.8 s rotation < 1 mm CT resolution Symbia

27 Radiation Therapy Thanks to Michael Holzscheiter

28 Effect on Human Tissue

29 Ion Beam Technique

30 History of Disease Prior to treatment After ion beam treatment

31 History of Disease Prior to treatment 6 weeks after treatment with ion beams

32 Antiproton Annihilation Therapy? CERN and the AD-4 Collaboration UCLA Medical School, University of Aarhus, Geneva University Hospital CERN, University of Montenegro, Aarhus University Hospital British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vinca Institute, University of Maastricht

33 Three Claims which need Proof Antiprotons deliver a higher biological dose for equal effect in the entrance channel than protons and heavy ions The damage outside the beam path due to long and medium range annihilation products is small and does not significantly effect treatment planning Antiprotons offer the possibility of real-time imaging using high energy gammas and pions, even at low (pre-therapeutical) beam intensity

34 Dose Modeling with SHIELD HIT N. Sobolevsky, DKFZ, Germany and ITEP, Russia

35 The AD-4 Experiment at CERN INGREDIENTS: V-79 Chinese Hamster cells embedded in gelatin Antiproton beam from AD (46.7 MeV) METHOD: Irradiate cells for prescribed fluencies to give dose values where survival in the peak is between 0 and 90 % Slice samples, dissolve gel, incubate cells, and look for number of colonies ANALYSIS: Study survival vs. dose in peak and plateau and compare to protons (and carbon ions)

36 Experimental Set-Up

37 Biological Analysis Method Example: Protons at TRIUMF Irradiate sample tube with living cells suspended in gel. Slice sample tube in 1 mm slices and determine survival fraction for each slice. Repeat for varying (peak) doses.

38 Biological Analysis Method cont d Calculate plateau survival using slices 1 4. Determine peak survival from slice 8 and 9. Plot peak and plateau survival vs. relative dose (Plateau dose, particle fluence, etc.) and extract the Biological Effective Dose Ratio BEDR = F RBE peak /RBE plateau (F = ratio of physical dose in peak and plateau region) Dose (arb. units)

39 Antiproton Experiment at CERN - Data 1 Surviving Fraction 0.1 Plateau average (slices 1,2) Peak average (slices 8,8,9,9 ) B - 1Gy E - 1Gy C - 2Gy D - 3Gy F - 5Gy J - 25 Gy Depth (mm)

40 Antiproton Proton Comparison Protons Antiprotons

41 Antiproton - Proton BEDR CERN (50 MeV Antiprotons) TRIUMF (50 MeV Protons) 10 0 Surviving Fraction 10-1 BEDR(20%S)= Plateau Broad peak average Narrow peak average Dose (arb. units)

42 Real Time Imaging Initial Imaging tests using amorphous silicon detectors with fast read-out (Zlatko Dimcovski, Silvie Chapuy, BioScan, S.A. Geneva)

43 Advantages of Ion Beam Therapy Inverse dose profiles millimeter precision (protons & carbon) Verification of the beam position in the patient (carbon) Enhanced biological action in the tumor (carbon) Small side effects (proton & carbon) Higher tumor control rates than protons and IMRT in specific cases (carbon). Future Ion Therapy units in Heidelberg under construction, start-up in 2006/7 Milano Vienna - Lyon in different stages of approval/financing Other projects are in preparation.

44 Summary 60 years after R. R. Wilsons paper Protons have been established in the radiation oncology field. Commercial centers are now being built, but watched carefully by the community to assure they participate in the ongoing and future research, which is still very much necessary to benefit the patient as best as we can. Carbon ions have shown significant circumstantial evidence that they are superior to protons for radio-resistant tumors and tumors in critical areas. With <4000 patients to date international collaborations of existing and emerging centers are needed to accumulate statistics on specific tumor sites and indications. Antiprotons have just entered the research and first experiments have confirmed earlier speculations. We have generated significant excitement in the community and are poised to work together with leading centers around the world on studies proving the advantages of antiprotons and on technology developments necessary to bring this treatment to the patient.

45 I hope you......enjoyed this part of the course...learned something new about existing and future large scale accelerator facilities in Europe...got a more realistic view on what's feasible with antimatter...are still in good shape for the 2 nd half of the week :o) In case of any questions: c.welsch@gsi.de or (better)...come and see me!