Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation

Transcription

1 Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation 51 Series Editors Dietmar Richter, Henri Tiedge

2 Roland Martin Andreas Lutterotti (eds.) Molecular Basis of Multiple Sclerosis The Immune System

3 Editors Roland Martin Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Klinische Multiple-Sklerose-Forschung Falkenried Hamburg Germany Series Editors Dietmar Richter Center for Molecular Neurobiology University Medical Center HamburgEppendorf (UKE) University of Hamburg Martinistrasse Hamburg Germany Andreas Lutterotti Clinical Department of Neurology Innsbruck Medical University Anichstrasse 35 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria Henri Tiedge The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Department of Neurology SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn Brooklyn, New York USA ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ISSN Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 Preface Despite major efforts by the scientific community over the years, our understanding of the pathogenesis or the mechanisms of injury of multiple sclerosis is still limited. Consequently, the current strategies for treatment and management of patients, which are sometimes based on unproven hypotheses, are limited in their efficacy. The mechanisms of tissue protection and repair are probably even less understood. Further, the knowledge of disease pathogenesis is often derived from animal models, and it is often not clear whether animal data apply to the human condition; e.g. therapy for multiple sclerosis has failed many times. One reason for these limitations is the enormous complexity of the disease and every facet of its pathogenesis, the mechanisms of tissue injury, the diagnostic procedures and finally the efficacy of treatments and their side effects. For individual researchers and clinicians it is more and more difficult to oversee all aspects of the disease and to regularly review the advances in different fields of research. In this volume of the Springer book series Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation we have tried to pay tribute to this high complexity by choosing several topics from basic and clinical immunology, genetics, diagnostics and therapy, which are discussed by outstanding experts in the field. It was the aim of all authors to review the latest advances in their speciality, but foremost to highlight the big challenges for the future. We are aware that this series cannot include all the relevant aspects, but we hope to have reached our aim of bridging different fields such as neurobiology, immuno logy, genetics and therapy. We would like to thank all authors for their contributions. Hamburg June 2010 Roland Martin Andreas Lutterotti v

5 Contents The Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis... Jan Hillert 1 Potential Triggers of MS... Jane E. Libbey and Robert S. Fujinami 21 Immunological Basis for the Development of Tissue Inflammation and Organ-Specific Autoimmunity in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis... Thomas Korn, Meike Mitsdoerffer, and Vijay K. Kuchroo 43 T-Cells in Multiple Sclerosis... Christopher Severson and David A. Hafler 75 B Cells and Antibodies in MS... Markus Reindl, Bettina Kuenz, and Thomas Berger 99 Cooperation of B Cells and T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis... Martin S. Weber and Bernhard Hemmer 115 Role of NK Cells and Invariant NKT Cells in Multiple Sclerosis... Kaori Sakuishi, Sachiko Miyake, and Takashi Yamamura 127 Antigen Processing and Presentation in Multiple Sclerosis... Christina Stoeckle and Eva Tolosa 149 Immune-Mediated CNS Damage... Katrin Kierdorf, Yiner Wang, and Harald Neumann 173 Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in CNS Diseases... Martin Kerschensteiner, Edgar Meinl, and Reinhard Hohlfeld 197 vii

6 viii Contents Prospects for Antigen-Specific Tolerance Based Therapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis... Danielle M. Turley and Stephen D. Miller 217 Immuno-Therapeutic Potential of Haematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in MS... Paolo A. Muraro and Antonio Uccelli 237 Multiple Sclerosis Therapies: Molecular Mechanisms and Future... Paulo Fontoura and Hideki Garren 259 Examination of the Role of MRI in Multiple Sclerosis: A Problem Orientated Approach... Henry F. McFarland 287 Index