Unit 4 Information NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA GENES DOUBLE HELIX REPLICATION MITOSIS

Transcription

1 Unit 4 Information NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA GENES DOUBLE HELIX REPLICATION MITOSIS

2 1/2/2018 Bell Work What is a Gene?

3 Genes as Medicine As you watch the film, complete the questions on the film guide. When you have completed the questions, glue the film guide into your notebook.

4 1/3/2018 Bell Work What is meant by the statement All science builds on previous science?

5 DNA Extraction Lab: 1. ANSWER PRE-LAB QUESTIONS FIRST 2. Mash the strawberries in the plastic bag. 3. Filter the strawberry mash until you have ~ 1 inch of strawberry syrup in your test tube. 4. When finished rinse: a) Centrifuge tubes (large and small) b) Graduated cylinder c) Pipette d) Funnel e) Stick 5. Throw away: a) Cheesecloth and strawberry pulp b) Strawberry leaf and left over filtrate c) Plastic Bag ANSWER POST-LAB QUESTIONS AND PUT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.

6 Bell Work 1/8/2018 EQ Notecard: What is a gene and what is it relationship to DNA? Vocabulary to use: Traits, protein, DNA, Gene

7 The Double Helix As you watch the film, complete the questions on the film guide. When you have completed the questions, glue the film guide into your notebook.

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9 Bell Work 1/9/2018 Get out your notebooks for the notebook quiz.

10 Nucleotides and DNA Structure Overarching Question: How does the COMPLEMENTARY nature of DNA affect its structure and function? Complementary: combining in such a way as to enhance the qualities of each part; matching; compatible

11 1. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Made up of monomers called Nucleotides There are 3 parts in a nucleotide: 1. phosphate group 2. sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 3. nitrogenous base: Adenine Guanine Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA) Cytosine

12 Nucleic Acid Polymers: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): 1. Double stranded 2. Deoxyribose Sugar 3. Nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): 1. Single stranded 2. Ribose Sugar 3. Nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine

13 Function of Nucleic Acids: Storage and transmission of genetic (hereditary) information

14 2. Structure of DNA DNA Backbone: 1. Phosphate and deoxyribose sugar form a chain 2. Phosphodiester bonds hold phosphate and sugar groups together

15 Nitrogenous Bases the rungs of the ladder Pyrimidine (small, 1 ring) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Base-Pairing Rules Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Purine (large, 2 rings) Weak hydrogen bonds connect the paired bases

16 1950 Erwin Chargoff Chargoff s Rule In a DNA molecule: The number of adenine bases always equals the number of thymine bases A = T The number of cytosine bases always equals the number of guanine bases C = G

17 1953, James Watson & Francis Crick The structure of DNA could be described as 2 strands of DNA twisted into a DOUBLE HELIX structure.

18 Bell Work: 1/10/ What are the building blocks of DNA called? 2. What are the 3 components of these building blocks? 3. What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

19 DNA Double Helix Modeling Select a unique color for each of the 6 components of the nucleotides and color the shape in (color before cutting so you don t have to color in the lines!): Phosphate Sugar Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Connect the nucleotides using the symbols to guide you:

20 Bell Work: 1/11/2018 How did the evidence from Erwin Chargoff experiment and Rosalind Franklins X-ray crystallography inform Watson and Crick about the structure of DNA?

21 DNA Structure and Replication POGIL

22 Bell Work: When the scientists James Watson and Francis Crick were trying to determine the structure of DNA, they hypothesized that the nucleic acid must be intelligent. 1. Could DNA be considered an intelligent molecule? 2. Make a claim. 1/12/ What evidence from what you know about the structure of DNA supports your claim?

23 DNA Replication DNA DNA 1. DNA double-helix; bases are paired A:T and C:G

24 2. The double helix is unzipped by the enzyme Helicase Helicase unzips DNA Strand

25 3. Nitrogenous bases are added to each strand by the enzyme DNA polymerase DNA polymerase

26 4. Get 2 exact copies of DNA Each new double helix has: 1 parent strand 1 new strand This is called Semiconservative Replication

27 5. Ensuring accurate DNA replication: DNA base pairing rules A can only pair with T and G can only pair with C

28 What is the mechanism for DNA replication? Pulse-Chase Primer Analysis

29 Bell Work 1/16/2018 Get out your notebooks for the notebook quiz

30 When you have completed the notebook quiz, leave the quiz at the top of your table. Take a notecard and complete the following: Essential Question Notecard: How is the structure of DNA related to its function in the storage and transmission of genetic information in an organism? Vocabulary to use: Double-stranded, Helix, Base-Pair Rule, Complementary, Semi-conservative, Replication

31 Cell Size Lab

32 Unit 4 Information Cell Division

33 1/22/2018 Bell Work: Get out any anchor activities that are complete and your anchor activity assignment sheet. If you completed an Actively Learn assignment, write this on the table on page 2 of the assignment sheet.

34 Cell Cycle and Mitosis POGIL 1. You will work in groups of 2 to complete the POGIL. 2. Completed POGIL due tomorrow POGIL turned in per group.

35 Bell Work 1/23/ What are 2 important goals of the cell cycle? 2. How are these goals met? 3. How might the timing of the events in the cell cycle change in a cancerous cell?

36 Cell Division Why do cells divide? 1. Increased efficiency: shorter travel distances inside cell 2. Diffusion is slow 3. Increased surface to volume ratio: As cells grow volume increases faster than surface area harder to get nutrients & eliminate wastes.

37 When do Cells Divide: a. Reproduction b. Growth / Repair Occurs by Meiosis Occurs by Mitosis Asexual Reproduction Only requires 1 organism. New (daughter) cells are IDENTICAL to parent cell.

38 Cell Cycle: A series of events leading to the division of a cell into 2 identical daughter cells. G0: Resting G1: Growth Phases: G1: Growth & preparation for S: DNA Synthesis / Replication G2: Growth & preparation for M: Cell Division-Mitosis G0: Resting Put the Cell Cycle picture in your notebook M: Mitosis G2: Growth S: Synthesis

39 G0: Resting G1 checkpoint G1 & G2 checkpoints: Quality control Check for errors Interphase: G1, S, and G2 Growth DNA synthesis G2 checkpoint M: Mitosis G2: Growth G1: Growth S: Synthesis

40 Major Events in Cell Division A. DNA Replication B. Mitosis C. Cytokinesis

41 A. DNA Replication: A copy of every chromosome of the cells DNA must be made. a. Start with 1 copy of each chromosome: b. End with 2 copies of each chromosome: a. a. b. b.

42 c. Parts of a Chromosome after DNA Replication: 1. Chromatid 2. Centromere 3. Short arm (p) 4. Long arm (q) 5. Sister Chromatids 5

43 B. Mitosis: Chromosomes (DNA) are separated into 2 identical sets

44 1. Prophase: Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes Mitotic spindle forms Nucleolus disappears Nuclear Envelope fragments Mitotic Spindle: Made up of 2 centrioles (centrosome) and spindles (microtubules) spindles

45 2. Metaphase: Centrioles are at opposite poles of cell Chromosomes are lined up at center of cell - Metaphase plane Spindles are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes centromeres

46 3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated Spindle fibers shorten Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of cell

47 4. Telophase Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes at opposite poles Nucleolus reforms in each nucleus Chromosomes become less condensed

48 C. Cytokinesis: Animal Cells: Cleavage furrow forms between 2 new nuclei pinches to form 2 daughter cells. Plant Cells: Golgi vesicles that contain material for the cell wall form a Cell Plate at cleavage site

49 Bell Work 1/24/18 Essential Question notecard: Why do cells divide?

50 Onion Mitosis Lab When you have completed the lab: 1. Turn off microscope 2. Move objective to low power 3. Cover the microscope 4. Return slide to box at front

51 Bell Work 1/25/18 What evidence from the onion lab results shows that mitosis is a continuous process and not a series of separate events? Mitosis Video

52 Mitosis on the Table 1. Before beginning, count your pipe cleaners & beads and compare to materials list on sheet raise your hand if you are missing any pieces. 2. AFTER I have checked your template, use a wet paper towel to wipe clean your white board. 3. Return all pipe cleaners (straightened & untwisted) and beads (removed from pipe cleaners) to the plastic bag and seal the bag.

53 Bell Work 1/26/18 Get out Notebooks for Notebook Quiz. The picture shows a cell that contains multiple nuclei a multinucleated cell. What part of the cell cycle is not occurring in the formation of such a cell?

54 Mitosis Foldable: Cytokinesis G1 phase Telophase S phase Anaphase G2 phase Metaphase Prophase