Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

Transcription

1 Details Utah State University Engineering in This is a project resulting from the Engineering Workshop for Teachers to provide teaching materials for genetic engineering topics. Please direct any feedback to ASTE graduate student Olivia Horning at olivia.horning@usu.edu START COURSE 1

2 : Gavrilescu, M. (2010). Environmental biotechnology: achievements, opportunities and challenges. Dynamic biochemistry, process biotechnology and molecular biology, 4(1),

3 : 1. Define biotechnology and DNA technology. 2. Define genetic engineering and list common terms used to describe the organisms created through genetic engineering. 3. Illustrate the process of recombinant DNA and explain each step. 4. Differentiate between CRISPR and transgenic technology.

4 Activity: Yeast Cells Respire Too, How to make yeast cells thrive Show the following video from the National Collection of Yeast Cultures - 4

5 Biotechnology: A number of methods other than selective breeding and sexually crossing plants to endow new characteristics in organisms (NAS, 2016) Manipulating organisms or organism parts to create a product. Yeast in bread and beer production Selectively breeding livestock. DNA technology: Laboratory techniques to analyze genetic material in order to study and manipulate. 5

6 engineering: The introduction or change of DNA, RNA, or proteins by human manipulation to effect a change in an organism s genome or epigenome (NAS, 2016) Practical and direct manipulation of genes, like food products and chemicals (cancer drugs, pesticides, etc.) Specific genes can be modified and moved between organisms (plants, animals, and bacteria). Organisms that have one or more genes by artificial means using DNA technology have many terms: ally modified/ally modified organism GM or GMO, Transgenic organism, Bioengineered 6

7 Interest Approach: DIY bio Visit the following website as a class and discuss their philosophy, projects, and lab locations. 7

8 Your project title goes here ories/biotech-basics

9 Recombinant DNA: Any novel DNA sequence created using genetic engineering (NAS, 2016) Transgenic: An organism that has had genes that contain sequences from another species or synthetic sequences introduced into its genome by genetic engineering (NAS, 2016) Two different nucleotide sequences from two different sources form a DNA molecule when combined. Graphic source: Khan Academy 9

10 Plasmid Vector: A circular DNA molecule endogenous to bacteria that is used to replicate and transfer DNA to new cells (NAS, 2016) Bacterial plasmids are separate from the bacterial chromosome. Smaller and circular in shape. Incorporates foreign DNA easily. Can be taken up by bacterial cells. Used for gene cloning Gene cloning animation and diagram 10

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12 Restriction Enzymes Recombinant DNA is made up of a bacterial plasmid and gene of interest Bacterial enzymes cut and paste DNA, known as restriction enzymes. Restriction site, the specific part of a DNA sequence that is recognized by a restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme animation Graphic source: Khan Academy 12

13 Sticky Ends Sticky ends are created after a strand of DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme, the sticky ends are single stranded DNA or RNA ends that have a nucleotide base sequence that is complementary to another strand, allowing them to connect through base paring. Graphic source: Khan Academy 13

14 DNA Ligase Joined by DNA ligase, from fragments to strands. It is the glue for the DNA pieces Hundreds of restriction enzymes exist, originally for making sure foreign DNA did not invade the bacterial cell. Scientists can multiply proteins using this process in a bacterium, yeast, or other cell. Graphic source: Khan Academy 14

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18 Summarize with the following video on the recombinant DNA process: 18

19 Interest Approach: CRISPR Kit Evaluate the CRISPR DIY Bio kit as a class at and emphasize how accessible this technology is becoming. Discuss whether this is a good thing or not? 19

20 CRISPR: A naturally occurring mechanism of immunity to viruses found in bacteria that involves identification and degradation of foreign DNA. This natural mechanism has been manipulated by researchers to develop gene editing techniques (NAS, 2016) CRISPR-Cas9 technology allows genes to be cut out, replaced, or added to the sequence = simple, versatile, precise CAS9 is a protein that comes from the immune system of bacteria that recognizes viruses, in order to cut up the viral DNA in order to fight viruses off, very similar to human antibodies. CRISPR CAS9 is programmable to recognize any DNA sequence and can cut at specific DNA sequence sites like at a restriction enzyme. 20

21 CRISPR CRISPR and a new gene are introduced to a cell through viral vectors, genetically engineered viruses. CRISPR makes the cut, the DNA is inserted, and then spliced together to become fully functional. A gene is fixed through this process of gene therapy. Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis, Immune Deficiencies, Hereditary blindness, blood disease (e.g. sickle cell anemia), Cancer (e.g. melanoma, leukemia), Parkinson s Disease, and more. 21

22 Activity: Pick a Podcast Using the provided podcast worksheet, evaluate the first podcast (General) as a class and then allow students practice individually with podcast 2 or 3 depending on the class: 1. (General) A CRISPR Way to Fix Faulty Genes 2. (Plant Science) Amid GMO Strife. Food Industry Vies for Public Trust in CRISPR Technology 3. (Animal Science) CRISPR Bacon: Chinese Scientists Create ally Modified Low-Fat Pigs 22

23 Content Source Pearson Education Campbell Essential Biology (6th Ed.) by Simon, Reece, & Dickey. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine ally Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 23