Peggy G. Lemaux University of California, Berkeley

Transcription

1 Peggy G. Lemaux University of California, Berkeley

2 TM TM Bollgard Cotton

3 Roundup Ready Soybean

4 GE Corn Acreage, % of total crop GE Canola Acreage, % of total crop GE Papaya Acreage, % of total crop GE Alfalfa Acreage 2005 <0.5% of total crop GE Soybean Acreage, % of total crop GE Cotton Acreage, % of total crop GE Squash Acreage, % of total crop SOURCE: NCFAP; USDA, USA Today

5 Vast majority of acreage is B.t. and herbicide tolerant varieties

6 Next Come Stacked traits like corn engineered with three traits But it is still B.t. and herbicide tolerance SOURCE: FarmWeek, December 14,

7 Are these good or bad reasons to genetically modify plants or animals? VERY GOOD To reduce the need to use pesticides on crops 43% 12% To reduce the cost of fish, like salmon 21% 27% To produce more affordable pharmaceutical drugs using plants 54% 8% To produce more affordable pharmaceutical drugs using animals 23% 29% To create peanuts that won t cause allergic reactions 42% 15% To produce less expensive food to reduce hunger in world 52% 12% To produce more affordable industrial compounds in plants 2% 17% To create new types of grass that don t need to be mowed as often 39% 22% To create fruits and vegetables that last longer on the store shelves 27% 30% To produce beef with less fat 27% 32% To expand our understanding of science and nature 46% 10% VERY BAD SOURCE: Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology Sept. 2004

8 SO WHAT S IN THE LINEUP?

9 Traits to Improve Resistance to Pests

10 Cabbage engineered for resistance to major pest - cabbage looper SOURCE: Anderson et al Indian J Biotechnol 4:72-77

11 Chickpea engineered for resistance to pod borer SOURCE:

12 GE coffee crop - focused on leaf miner damage, environmental impact SOURCE: Genetically Engineered Coffee Plot in Latin America Destroyed ; AFP, September 1, 2004.

13 Potatoes engineered for resistance to late blight SOURCE: Song et al., PNAS 100: ; Potatoes with improved resistance to late blight, BASF Plant Science, 5/24/06

14 Tomato Mi gene protects against root knot nematode Genetically engineered Wild type SOURCE: Milligan et al., Plant Cell 10:

15 GE grape root stocks engineered for protection against fanleaf virus: field tested in northern France SOURCE: Bouquet et al., ISHS Acta Horticulturae 603

16 Genetically engineered and grafted non-ge watermelon resists viral attack SOURCE: Park, S.M. et al Plant Cell Reports 24:

17 Traits to Improve Agronomic Performance

18 Maize gene involved in photosynthesis Maize gene involved in photosynthesis boosts rice yields by 35% introduced into rice boosts yields SOURCE: Los by Banos, Philippines, April 35% 2, 2000, AFP SOURCE: Ku et al., Novartis Found Symp. 236:

19 Corn gene used to increase nitrogen uptake in potato SOURCE: Yanagisawa et al PNAS 101:

20 Traits to Improve Tolerance to Environmental Stresses

21 Drought tolerant wheat (using DREB1A gene) SOURCES: Haake et al., 2002;

22 Frost and drought tolerant Gene coding for certain protective compounds can improve frost and drought tolerance of canola canola using gene for protective compounds SOURCE: Thomashow et al. (2000) Science 288: Source: Thomashow (2000) Science 288:2308

23 Salt-tolerant tomatoes CONTROL GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SOURCE: Zhang and Blumwald Nature Biotechnology 19:

24 Engineered eucalyptus root stock grows in acidic soil; pollen from nonengineered trunk does not spread transgenes Drought-tolerant eucalyptus engineered in Chile SOURCES: Oji Paper Company, Japan; August 2004;

25 Traits to Improve Food and Feed

26 Increased pro-vitamin A in rice - Golden Rice SOURCES: Ye et al., 2000; Paine et al., 2005

27 Scottish GE potato provides 30% of RDA of Vitamin A SOURCE: Ducreux, L.J.M., et al., Journal of Experimental Botany 55:

28 Engineered potato contains 3 times more calcium SOURCE: Park et al Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:

29 Introduction of single bacterial gene increases folate levels to levels comparable to spinach SOURCE: Hossain et al., PNAS 101:

30 Nonallergenic protein from Nonallergenic protein from Amaranthus used to increase total protein content and increase Amaranthus increases total protein essential content amino acids and of potato essential SOURCE: "Increase d nutritive value of transgenic potato by expressing a nonallergenic seed albumin gene in amino acids from Amaranthus potato hypochondriacus" Chakraborty et al. (2000), PN AS 97: Chakraborty et al., PNAS 97:

31 Production of omega-3 and omega-6 oils in plants SOURCE: Baoxiu Qi, ISB News Report July

32 Hypoallergenic wheat engineered for reduced allergen content Buchanan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:

33 Glycoalkaloids removed from cassava

34 High lysine corn for animal feed - reduces need for lysine supplements SOURCE:February 2006, BIOSPACE

35 Traits with Medical Applications

36 USDA approves plant-based vaccine against Newcastle Disease SOURCE:February 2006, Associated Press

37 Genetically engineered clover delivers edible vaccine against shipping fever SOURCE: Lee, R.H.W Molecular Breeding 11:

38 Plant subunit vaccine against pneumonic and bubonic plague orally immunogenic in mice SOURCE: Alvarez et al Vaccine, 24:

39 Potato-based vaccine for Hepatitis B raises immunological response in 60% of humans SOURCE: Thanavala et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA102:

40 Plant-based vaccine using GE pollen reduces allergy symptoms in sufferers SOURCE: Niederberger et al., PNAS 101:

41 Production of patient-specific vaccines in tobacco Production of specific vaccines for lymphoma in tobacco for lymphoma SOURCE: PNAS 96: , McCormick, et al. Source: McCormick et al PNAS 96:

42 Rice seed-based edible vaccine for allergic diseases like asthma, seasonal allergies and atopic dermatitis SOURCE: Takaiwa F. March 2006, ISB News Report

43 Engineered cow with higher levels of lysostaphin has lower rate of mastitis infection SOURCE: Wall, R.J. et al Nature Biotechnology 23:

44 Traits to Improve the Environment

45 Enviropig causes less phosphorus pollution to reduce environmental impact to lakes and estuaries SOURCE: Golovan SP et al., Nature Biotechnol. 19:

46 Yellow poplar engineered to remediate ionic and methylmercury pollution SOURCE: Rugh et al., Nature Biotechnol 16:

47 Green algae engineered to produce hydrogen gas a Green algae have a switch that can change metabolic processes and produce hydrogen gas - renewable, potentially providing clean a renewable, clean fuel source source Photo courtesy of Michael Barnes, Senior Writer, University of California Office of the Presi dent SOURCE: Melis A. and Happe T Plant Physiol. 127:

48 Genetically engineered bacteria used to improve breakdown of global waste paper glut SOURCE: Fierobe et al J. Biol. Chem. 280:

49 Other Applications

50 Engineering plants that turn color used to detect presence of landmines SOURCE:

51 Slow-Mow grass addresses watering, maintenance and weed problems SOURCE: Engineering a mow-less lawn, New York Times, 4/22/06

52 GloFish: GE aquarium fish glow in the dark SOURCE:

53 Spider silk-like proteins produced in transgenic plants SOURCE: Janaki Krishna ISB Report May 2006

54 Japanese scientists create blue rose from blue pigments in pansies SOURCE:

55 Delayed senescence Moonshadow carnation SOURCE:

56 Where are we going from here? Who will be creating what? China to release GE rice and SOURCE: China Could Release GMO Rice as Early as Next Year, October 18,