Videos. Bozeman Transcription and Translation: Drawing transcription and translation:

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2 Videos Bozeman Transcription and Translation: Drawing transcription and translation:

3 Objectives 29a) I can contrast RNA and DNA. 29b) I can explain the process of transcription. 30a) I can identify the genetic code and explain how it is read, and summarize the process of translation. 30b) I can describe the "central dogma" of molecular biology. 31a) I can define mutations and describe the different types of mutations. 31b) I can describe the effects mutations can have on genes. 32a) I can describe gene regulation in prokaryotes and explain how most eukaryotic genes are regulated. 32b) I can relate gene regulation to development in multicellular organisms.

4 Terms to know 1. RNA 2. mrna 3. rrna 4. trna 5. Transcription 6. RNA Polymerase 7. Promoters 8. Introns 9. Exons

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6 The Role of RNA Genes contain coded DNA instructions that tell cells how to build proteins. The first step in decoding these genetic instructions is to copy part of the base sequence from DNA into RNA. RNA, like DNA, is a nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides. RNA is then used as a guide to create proteins.

7 Comparing RNA and DNA There are three important differences between RNA and DNA: (1) The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. (2) RNA is generally singlestranded and not doublestranded. (3) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.

8 Functions of RNA RNA controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins. Each type of RNA molecule specializes in a different aspect of this job. RNA has many functions, but most RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis only.

9 Functions of RNA The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

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12 Messenger RNA Most genes contain instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. The RNA molecules that carry copies of these instructions are known as messenger RNA (mrna): They carry information from DNA to other parts of the cell.

13 Ribosomal RNA Proteins are assembled on ribosomes, small organelles composed of two subunits. These ribosome subunits are made up of several ribosomal RNA (rrna) molecules and as many as 80 different proteins.

14 Transfer RNA When a protein is built, a transfer RNA (trna) molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the coded messages in mrna.

15 Transcription Most of the work of making RNA takes place during transcription. During transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.

16 Transcription In prokaryotes, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis take place in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, RNA is produced in the cell s nucleus and then moves to the cytoplasm to play a role in the production of proteins.

17 Transcription Transcription requires an enzyme, known as RNA polymerase, that is similar to DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands.

18 Transcription RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA.

19 Promoters RNA polymerase binds only to promoters, regions of DNA that have specific base sequences. Promoters are signals in the DNA molecule that show RNA polymerase exactly where to begin making RNA. Similar signals in DNA cause transcription to stop when a new RNA molecule is completed.

20 RNA Editing RNA molecules sometimes require bits and pieces to be cut out of them before they can go into action. The portions that are cut out and discarded are called introns. In eukaryotes, introns are taken out of premrna molecules while they are still in the nucleus. The remaining pieces, known as exons, are then spliced back together to form the final mrna.

21 RNA Editing RNA molecules sometimes require bits and pieces to be cut out of them before they can go into action. The portions that are cut out and discarded are called introns. In eukaryotes, introns are taken out of premrna molecules while they are still in the nucleus. The remaining pieces, known as exons, are then spliced back together to form the final mrna.

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24 Transcription Quiz 1. What are the three types of RNA? 2. What is the name of the sugar in RNA? 3. Which of the three types is made in transcription? 4. Explain the difference between an exon and an intron. 5. Make a corresponding strand of RNA from this strand of DNA: ATTCAG