Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 5: Molecular Genetics

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1 Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 5: Molecular Genetics Extra Resources Website: Module 1: Overview of DNA Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) DNA DNA helicase DNA polymerase DNA ligase in vitro The action is done outside of the body in a laboratory Key Questions: 1. Where do children inherit their DNA from? 2. What are the four nitrogenous bases present in DNA? Which two are purines? Which two are pyrimidines? 3. Look at the diagram on slide 6, which nitrogenous bases are paired with each other? 4. What are the three main tasks of DNA? 5. Describe the shape of DNA. 6. What types of bonds holds the two strands of DNA together? 7. Briefly describe the steps in DNA replication. (use outside resources if necessary) 1

2 8. During which stage of mitosis is DNA replicated? 9. What does DNA helicase do? (use an outside Internet resource) 10. What is the role of DNA polymerase? 11. What is the role of DNA ligase? 12. Which enzyme is in charge of proofreading the DNA? Experimenting with DNA (Slide 5). Complete the table below. Some Important Experiments Scientist Conclusion Genetic material can be transferred between cells through transformation. Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy, 1944 Erwin, Chargaff, 1950 Linus Pauling and Robert Corey, 1951 She used the X-ray diffraction technique to study DNA structure Watson and Crick,

3 Module 2: DNA and Genes Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) RNA mrna trna rrna Transcription Translation Key Questions: 1. What are the three ways that RNA differs from DNA? 2. Briefly describe the three steps in transcription. 3. Where does RNA polymerase bind during transcription? 4. What is the polyadenylation mechanism? 3

4 5. Describe how transcription is involved in gene regulation. (May need to use an outside resource) 6. Briefly describe the four steps in translation. 7. What is the role of ribosomes in translation? Transcription and Translation Diagram * Take note that in transcription, although the mrna contains the same information, it is not an identical copy of the DNA segment, because its sequence is complementary to the DNA template. 4

5 Module 3: Mutations of Cells Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Codon Mutation Point Mutation Chromosomal Mutations Lethal Progeny Key Questions: 1. Are all mutations harmful? Why or why not? 2. What type of mutation causes cystic fibrosis? What type of mutation causes sickle-cell anemia? 3. Down s syndrome is an example of what type of mutation? 4. Complete the statement (slide 16): Mutations that occur in normal body cells, known as cells, may cause some types of, but are not passed on through genes. Mutations that occur in do become hereditary traits. They can be the basis of genetic in an entire population. 5. What are mutation-causing agents such as UV light, viruses, drugs etc. collectively called? 6. Summarize the effects of UV light, ionizing radiation, spontaneous mutations, oxidizing agents, drugs, and viruses. 7. What oxidizing agent is found in cigarette smoke? 5

6 Point Mutations (Slide 9) Complete the chart below Description Substitution Frameshift Mutation Protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long. Insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly read and translated. These changes are called frame shifts or shifts in the reading frame. Deletion Insertion Chromosomal Mutations (Slide 12). Complete the chart below. Description Genetic material is removed or deleted, with complete or partial loss of a chromosome. Duplication These reverse the directions of parts of the chromosome, or reverse the back sequence. Translocation 6

7 Module 4: Genetic Engineering Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle Transduction Plasmid Restriction Enzyme Ligase gene gun (Use an outside resource) Key Questions: 1. Can viruses reproduce without a host? 2. Which type of virus causes the flu? 3. Complete the statement (slide 7): In a cycle, the virus enters a cell and makes of itself. The host cell and releases the, the particles that carry the genome. In the cycle, the virus inserts its genome into the of the host cell. There it remains while it replicates along with the host cell for several generations. It may remain inactive for as long as the host organism is alive, but all the while it along with the host cell. 4. How are plasmids used by bacteria? 5. What does it mean if a species is called transgenic? 7

8 6. Briefly describe the steps in gene splicing. Steps 1. DNA extraction Description 2. Cutting DNA 3. DNA separation 7. Describe the relationship between restriction enzymes and restriction sites. 8. What are the benefits of producing insulin artificially? 9. What are gene vectors used for? Lyric Cycle & Lysogenic Cycle Diagram 8

9 Gene Splicing Diagram 9