Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine

Transcription

1 Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine edited by Ana Rute Neves Salette Reis

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3 Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine

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5 Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine edited by Ana Rute Neves Salette Reis

6 Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore editorial@panstanford.com Web: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine Copyright 2018 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. Cover image by José Plácido Lopes de Araújo For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN (Hardcover) ISBN (ebook)

7 Ana Rute Neves dedicates this book to her beloved sister, Sílvia Pina Neves.

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9 Preface xvii Part I Introduction 1. Importance and Application of Nanotechnology for Improving Existing Therapy 3 Ana Rute Neves and Salette Reis Part II Oral Drug Delivery Approaches 2. Nanocarriers as a Strategy for Oral Bioavailability Improvement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs 9 Luíse L. Chaves, Alexandre C. Vieira, Domingos Ferreira, Bruno Sarmento, Salette Reis, and Sofia A. Costa Lima 2.1 Introduction Oral Bioavailability Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery Polymeric-Based Nanocarriers Polymeric nanoparticles Polymeric micelles Lipid-Based Nanocarriers Liposomes Solid lipid nanoparticles Nanostructured lipid carriers Oral Absorption: Crossing the Intestinal Barrier Nanocarrier Absorption Mechanisms Passive transport Carrier-mediated transport Factors Affecting Nanocarriers Absorption Nanocarriers Characterization: Issues and Challenges Polymorphism and Crystallinity Drug Entrapment 33

10 viii Drug Release Profile Permeability Assays Conclusions Synthesis and Applications of Amphiphilic Chitosan Derivatives for Drug Delivery Applications 45 Daniella Silva, Andreia Almeida, Cláudia Azevedo, Sérgio P. Campana-Filho, and Bruno Sarmento 3.1 Introduction Structure and Characterization of Chitosan Chitosan Amphiphilic Derivatives Alkylation Acylation N-acylation reaction O-Acylation reaction Other chemical modifications Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems Polymer-Based Micelles Polymer-Based Nanoparticles Applications of Chitosan Amphiphilic Derivatives in Drug Delivery Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Anti-Cancer Drugs Proteins and Peptides Concluding Remarks Oral Administration of Lipid-Based Delivery Systems to Combat Infectious Diseases 75 Rita M. Pinto, Daniela Lopes, Cláudia Nunes, Bruno Sarmento, and Salette Reis 4.1 Introduction Oral Administration Lipid-Based Delivery Systems Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Preventing Infectious Diseases by Oral Vaccines Treating Infectious Diseases Bacterial infections Viral infections 90

11 ix Fungal infections Parasitic infections Evaluating Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Studies to Assess Pharmacokinetic Properties Studies to Assess Therapeutic Efficacy Conclusions and Future Perspectives Oral Administration of Nanoparticles and Gut Microbiota Mediated Effects 111 Ana Raquel Madureira and Manuela Pintado 5.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract Gut Microbiota Composition and Functions Please Do Not Disturb Gut Microbiota! Oral Delivery of Nanoparticles and Interactions with Gut Microbiota Studies of the Effects of Orally Delivered Nanoparticles In vitro Studies Human feces volunteer donors Animal Microbiota Studies Conclusions and Future Perspectives Oral Nanotechnological Approaches for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery 133 Rute Nunes, Bruno Sarmento, Salette Reis, and Pedro Fonte 6.1 Introduction Colon Anatomophysiological Features Advantages and Limitations of Colon-Specific Drug Delivery Nanocarriers as Tools for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery ph-sensitive Polymer Nanoparticles Microbial-Triggered Drug Release Nanoparticles Time-Dependent Drug Release Nanoparticles 144

12 x 6.5 Applications of Nanoparticles for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery Inflammatory Bowel Disease Colorectal Cancer Vaccines Intestinal Infections Systemic Absorption Conclusion and Future Perspectives 158 Part III Topical Drug Delivery Approaches 7. Nanotechnological Approaches in Drug Absorption through Skin Topical Delivery 171 Sofia A. Costa Lima and Salette Reis 7.1 Introduction Skin Structure Epidermis Dermis Skin Function Skin Penetration Major Routes for Entrance into the Skin Nanotechnology for Winning the Skin Barrier Advantages of Skin Drug Delivery Nanocarriers for Skin Delivery Lipid-Based Nanocarriers Liposomes Lipid nanoparticles Microemulsions Polymeric-Based Nanocarriers Conclusions and Future Perspectives 189 Part IV Pulmonary Drug Delivery Approaches 8. New Approaches from Nanomedicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Tuberculosis 197 Joana Magalhães, Alexandre C. Vieira, Soraia Pinto, Sara Pinheiro, Andreia Granja, Susana Santos, Marina Pinheiro, and Salette Reis 8.1 Tuberculosis: Key Facts 198

13 xi Epidemiology Etiology, Transmission, and Physiopathology Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Vaccines and Treatment Respiratory System as a Route for Drug Delivery Barriers of the Respiratory System Pulmonary Administration of Drugs Lung-Targeting and Inhalation Devices Nanotechnology as a Tool for Drug Delivery Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery Pulmonary Anti-TB Drug Delivery Nanotechnologies Polymeric NPs Liposomes Lipid NPs Other NPs Challenges and Future Directions Conclusions 224 Part V Brain Drug Delivery Approaches 9. Nanoparticles and New Challenges in Site-Specific Brain Drug Delivery 237 Ana C. R. Joyce Coutinho, Rúben G. R. Pinheiro, and Ana Rute Neves 9.1 Introduction Concerns about Neurological Diseases Importance and Challenges of the Blood Brain Barrier Strategies to Overcome the Hurdles of Brain Delivery Nanotechnology as a Tool for Brain Delivery Factors Affecting Nanocarriers Brain Delivery Nanocarriers for Brain Delivery 248

14 xii Liposomes Lipid nanoparticles Polymeric nanoparticles Cyclodextrins Dendrimers Silica nanoparticles Magnetic nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles Quantum dots Carbon nanotubes Concluding Remarks 257 Part VI Cancer Drug Delivery Approaches 10. The Emerging Role of Nanomedicine in the Advances of Oncological Treatment 269 Petra Gener, Diana Rafael, Simó Schwartz, and Fernanda Andrade 10.1 Introduction Why Nanotechnology Is Important for Cancer Therapy Targeted Therapeutic: Does It Matter? The Importance of Active Targeting The Problematic CSCs Actively Targeted Nanomedicines in Clinical Trials Recent Advances in the Field of Nanomedicines for Druggable and Nondruggable Targets: A State of Art Drug Delivery Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Delivery Difficulties of Passing from the Bench to the Bedside Future Perspectives: The Importance of Personalized Medicine Exosomes as the Future of Nanomedicine Conclusions 303

15 xiii 11. On the Trail of Oral Delivery of Anticancer Drugs via Nanosystems 311 José Lopes-de-Araújo and Cláudia Nunes 11.1 Introduction Cancer Anticancer Drugs Intravenous Administration Oral Administration Strategies to Overcome the Hurdles of Oral Chemotherapy Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems Drug Nanocrystals Polymeric Nanosystems Polymeric nanoparticles Polymeric micelles Dendrimers Lipid Nanosystems Nanoemulsions Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems Solid lipid nanoparticles Nanostructured lipid carriers Lipid nanocapsules Liposomes Other Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems Strategies Conclusion 333 Part VII Anti-Inflammatory Drug Delivery Approaches 12. Nanodelivery Systems for NSAIDs: Challenges and Breakthroughs 345 José Lopes-de-Araújo, Catarina Pereira-Leite, Iolanda M. Cuccovia, Salette Reis, and Cláudia Nunes 12.1 Introduction Challenge 1: Increasing Drugs Bioavailability Challenge 2: Targeting Inflamed Sites Challenge 3: Avoiding Gastric Release 354

16 xiv 12.5 Challenge 4: Enhancing Skin Permeation Conclusions Innovative Target-to-Treat Nanostrategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis 375 Virgínia Moura Gouveia, Cláudia Nunes, and Salette Reis 13.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis Treat with What? Target What? Target-to-Treat Nanostrategies Synovial Cell Targeting FA targeting HA targeting RGD targeting Cytokine Targeting Final Remarks 397 Part VIII Gene Delivery Approaches 14. Nonviral Therapeutic Approaches for Modulation of Gene Expression: Nanotechnological Strategies to Overcome Biological Challenges 409 Ana M. Cardoso, Ana L. Cardoso, Maria C. Pedroso de Lima, and Amália S. Jurado 14.1 Gene Therapy Overview Biological Challenges on the Way to a Successful Targeted Gene Therapy Systemic Barriers Immune system activation Stability in the extracellular space Capillary retention Biodistribution and cell selectivity Cellular Barriers Plasma membrane Intracellular degradation pathways Nuclear membrane 427

17 xv Mitochondrial membrane system Molecular Targeting: Genome Editors Concluding Remarks 432 Part IX Theranostic Approaches 15. Theranostics: Simultaneous Treatment and Diagnosis Made Possible by Nanotechnology 443 João Albuquerque, Ana Rute Neves, and Salette Reis 15.1 Introduction Nanotechnology-Based Approaches Coencapsulation/Association of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents Lipid nanoparticles Polymeric nanoparticles Dendrimers Silica nanoparticles Iron oxide nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles Quantum dots Nanocarbons Theranostic Agents and Nanoparticles Theranostic nanoparticles Theranostic compounds Concluding Remarks Quantum Dots: Light Emitters for Diagnostics and Therapeutics 467 João L. M. Santos, José X. Soares, S. Sofia M. Rodrigues, and David S. M. Ribeiro 16.1 Quantum Dots: Properties, Synthesis, and Bioconjugation Properties Synthesis Bioconjugation Diagnostics Imaging Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Nucleic Acid Sensing 486

18 xvi Immunoassays Therapeutics Toxicity Summary and Outlook 493 Part X Cytotoxicity 17. Pro-Inflammatory and Toxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles 505 Marisa Freitas, Daniela Ribeiro, Paula Silva, José L. F. C. Lima, Félix Carvalho, and Eduarda Fernandes 17.1 Introduction Factors Influencing Silver Nanoparticles Toxicity Interaction with Cells Size Surface Coatings Silver Release Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Reactive Species Transcription Factors Cytokines/Chemokines Eicosanoids Cell Death Conclusions 523 Index 531

19 xvii Preface These days, the creation of new and more efficient therapies for improving human health greatly depends on drug delivery systems. Nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful strategy for the development of nanoparticles, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanocrystals, and nanocomplexes, applied in the diagnosis, treatment, or theranostics of several diseases. Recent research and development in the nanotechnology field exploits several administration routes, like oral, colorectal, topical, pulmonary, and brain delivery, and deals with site-specific delivery strategies, permeability through biological barriers, internalization pathways, and potential nanocytotoxicity. This book introduces several principles and knowledge in this field needed for the audience to understand science at the nanoscale. The book compiles and details in great depth current research and recent advances in drug delivery systems with several biomedical applications for a range of diseases and pathologies, from cancer to infectious diseases, passing through tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegeneration, genetic conditions, and other important disorders, contributing toward improving the knowledge of researchers and possible future applications. Ana Rute Neves and Salette Reis University of Porto, Portugal October 2017

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