3. What was Griffith trying to figure out?

Transcription

1 Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Name Section 12-1: DNA pages What are the two key concepts? These are important. These are the main ideas you should know by the end of the reading! Griffith and Transformation 3. What was Griffith trying to figure out? 4. What did the colonies of pneumonia bacteria look like? 5. What did the colonies of harmless bacteria look like? Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Griffith's experiment. Use figure 12-2 to help you! Mice injected with bacteria from smooth colonies died. Mice injected with bacteria from rough colonies died. Mice injected with heat-killed bacteria from smooth colonies died. d. Mice injected with a mixture of bacteria from heat-killed smooth colonies and live rough colonies died. 7. What was surprising about Griffith's last trial? 8. What does transformation mean? What was Griffith's hypothesis from his experiment? Avery and DNA 10. Which molecules did A very discover were NOT responsible for the transformation? 11. What happened when they repeated the experiment using enzymes that broke down the DNA? 12. Rewrite the Key Concept (the bolded phrase with a key next to it) in your own words based on what you havereadinthechapter.

2 Components and Structure ofdna 13. What are the three critical things that genes were known to do? 14. DNA is made up of 15. The three parts of a nucleotide are: 16. Name the four nitrogen bases: ~ 17. Use Figure Which is bigger a Purine or Pyrimidine? 18. What forms the backbone of DNA? True or False. There is only one sequence of nitrogen bases that is possible. If it is false rewrite the statement so that it is true Use Figure 12-5 to sketch a picture of DNA. Label the three parts of a nucleotide. 21. Chargaffs Rule. According to Chargaff, the percentage of Adenine present in a DNA sample is the same as the percentage of He also stated that the percentage of Guanine in a sample is equal to the percentage of 22. Describe the results that Rosalind Franklin found. DNA's shape is # of strands: How were Watson and Crick trying to understand the structure of DNA? 24. ReWrite the Key Concept in your own words. 25. What is base pairing? 26. Which bases pair together? and and

3 Section 12-2: Chromosomes and DNA Replication What are you going to learn about in this section? HINT: LOOK AT THE KEY CONCEPT! pages DNA and Chromosomes 27. Use the table to compare the DNA of a prokaryote and eukaryote cell. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Location of DNA Number of chromosomes 28. Using Analogies. Figure 12-9 shows a picture of a bacteria cell. What are all of those swirly lines coming out of it? How can we visual how much DNA is packed into a cell? Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about chromosome structure. If the statement is false, correct it! The DNA in eukaryotes is very loosely packed. Prokaryotic cells contain more DNA than eukaryotic cells. A human cell contains more than 1 meter of DNA. d. A human cells contains almost 1000 times the number of base pairs of bacteri That means if bacteria has 4,639,221, how many base pairs does the human cell have? 30. Read about the chromatin, histones and nucleosomes. Then look at Figure What is chromatin? What is a histone? What is a nucleosome? i. Why are nucleosomes important? DNA Replication 31. What was one of the remarkable aspects of the Double Helix? 32. What does it mean that the strands are complimentary? 33. What is one main difference between prokaryotic replication and eukaryotic replication?

4 34. What are replication forks? 35. Read the KEY CONCEPT. Summarize what it says in your own words: 36. Read the rules for how to determine which base should be added. Then try, to replicate your own strand. The old strand reads GGATTC. What would be the bases that need to be added? Look to the picture for help or if you are stuck, go to the online active art. Site: PHSchool.com and type in web code: cbp-4122 Old Strand: G GAT T C New Strand: 37. What are the enzymes responsible for in replication? 38. What is DNA Polymerase? 39. Self Check! Go back and make sure that you learned the key concept from the beginning of the chapter! Write an answer in to prove it! Section 12-3: RNA and Protein Synthesis pages What are you going to learn about in this section? HINT: LOOK AT THE KEY CONCEPTS! The Structure ojrna 40. What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA? TypesoJRNA 41. Fill in the chart by reading the section and looking at Figure Name of RNA Strand Nickname (_RNA) Describe what it looks like! Job or Function

5 Transcription 42. What is transcription? What is the goal of transcription? 43. Rewrite the Key Concept in your own words to describe what happens during transcription. 44. How does RNA polymerase know when to start and stop transcription? Make sure that you use the word promoters in your description! RNA Editing 45. What is the difference between an intron and an extron? Which get copied during transcription: introns, extrons or both? 47. Which gets used to make or synthesize proteins: introns, extrons or both? The Genetic Code 48. What are the four bases that make up RNA? 49. What is a good analogy that the book uses for the genetic code? A base represents a A codon represents a 50. How many nucleotides make up a codon? 51. What does a codon specify for? 52. Look at the example for breaking the RNA strand up into codons. Now take this strand of RNA and write it in terms of its codons. UCGACCGAUACG 53. Test your chart reading abilities. Look at Figure Try to figure out which amino acid UGC codes for! As the side note says, start with the middle of the circle and move outward! Translation 54. What is translation? (Hint find the bold word AND look at the key concept!)

6 I., 55. Use Figure as you read through the steps. Summarize each step of the trans ation process. A Step Summary Location of Process B When does it begin? C What is the ribosome like? D When does translation end? 56. What is an anticodon? Roles ofrna and DNA 57. Compare the roles of DNA and RNA in the translation process. Use the architect analogy! Genes and Proteins 58. What do genes contain? 59. Why are proteins important to us? Section 12-4: Mutations pages What are you going to learn about in this section? 60. What are mutations?

7 Kinds ofmutations 61. Read the section and then try to fill in the chart! What happens? How many amino acids are affected? Can it perform normal functions? Point Mutations Frameshift Mutations 62. What is affected in a chromosomal mutation? What are the four types of chromosomal mutations? Look at Figure and explain what is happening in each mutation. d. Significance ofmutations 64. True or False. Most mutations are very harmful. 65. What happens when a mutations causes a dramatic change in the protein structure? 66. Can mutations ever be beneficial? Explain your answer. 67. What does polyploidy mean?

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