ISA Tree academy October 1, 2014 Waco, TX

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1 ISA Tree academy October 1, 2014 Waco, TX Sheila McBride Diagnostician at the Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service College Station, TX 77843

2 What is a PLANT DISEASE? Any alteration of a plant that interferes with its normal appearance, function, or value and renders it unfit for its normal use.

3 The Disease Triangle Host Pathogen Environment Humans Humans Environment Favorability of the environment

4 Host Characteristics Cultural requirements Growth traits Potential symptoms foliage blights, spots, rusts cankers and galls vascular wilts root rots heat rots, decays

5 Types of pathogens Abiotic Nutrient deficiencies Poor water relations Climatic extremes Air pollution Toxic chemicals Herbicides Biotic Fungi Bacteria Viruses Nematodes Parasitic flowering plants

6 Examples of Abiotic Pathogens Planting Technique/Site Preparation Poor water relations Cultural practices Urban sprawl

7 Systematic Process for Diagnosing Diseases 1. Look for patterns of abnormality, 2. Identify suspect symptoms and signs, 3. Clinical diagnostic aids

8 What s Wrong With My Tree? Fusiform rust of slash pine Tree problems are difficult to diagnose, Actual diagnosis isn t always possible, Prognosis may be more important, Host characteristics, Potential pathogens and their characteristics, Conditions that allow the disease to develop.

9 3. Clinical diagnostic aids. Getting Laboratory Assistance For some diseases, is the only reliable option, Report may include management strategies, Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Sample submission tips Always fill out form, Pictures help too, Hand carry sample to lab is useful, Most samples should be fresh and sealed in a plastic bag, Ship early in the week, Sample should be representative of the problem and be at the interface between healthy and diseased tissues,

10 How to Submit a sample to TPDDL

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12 Proper sampling can ensure a proper diagnosis What makes a good sample? Representation of transition area between symptoms being observed Entire plant if possible, if not foliar symptoms and subsample of root tissue, Fresh and kept fresh Complete information (completed form) Note dates/times (when did symptoms begin to appear?) Description of chemical management practices in the past 4 weeks Photographs helpful when putting the pieces of the puzzle together Coordinate receiving with TPDDL

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14 Proper Packaging

15 Place completed form(s) in a separate zipper bag or plastic bag and secure tightly. Place all samples and form(s) into one (1) zipper or plastic bag and secure. Make sure basic information portion of the form is easily visible

16 Packaging for Oak wilt

17 What is a bad sample?

18 Bad Photos What is this?

19 Good photos

20 Then Back at the Lab

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22 Culturing of sample tissues for pathogen ID Testing for Oak Wilt Sterile technique Utilizing selective media

23 TPDDL capabilities General microscopy

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25 Ceratosistis faegacearium (Oak Wilt) Downy Mildew on Basil Fusarium sp. Meloidogyne (Root knot) Phymatoptriopsis Cotton Root Rot

26 TPDDL capabilities Molecular diagnostics for Phytoplasmas, Agrobacterium, Rose Rosette Virus (RRV)

27 Detection of Citrus Greening

28 TPDDL capabilities Serological Testing for Bacterial leaf scorch (BLS), Phytophthora and viruses Commercially available ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kits

29 Bacterial Identification Bacterial blight- Xanthomonas axonopodis, on knock out rose

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31 Management Strategy Improve tree health, Recommendations Plant the proper tree for the site, Manage fertilization and watering practices, Remedial pruning, Proper pruning, Reduce stress

32 Resources More information at: o o o =VgYcTvBSPX8&feature=related Find us on facebook (Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab)

33 Sample # 43 Courtesy of Jeff Lehde Questions?