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1 Supporting Information Enzymatic Fuel Cell-Based Self-Powered Homogeneous Immunosensing Platform via Target-Induced Glucose Release: An Appealing Alternative Strategy for Turn-On Melamine Assay Chengcheng Gu, Panpan Gai*, Ting Hou, Haiyin Li, Changhui Xue and Feng Li* College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao , P. R. China. * Corresponding authors. Tel/Fax: s: lifeng@qust.edu.cn (F. Li); ppgai@qau.edu.cn (P. P. Gai) S-1

2 Table of Content Figure S1. (A) EIS and (B) SEM image of the bare carbon paper S3 Figure S2. DLS of bare AuNPs (a) and AuNPs-mAb (a)...s4 Figure S3. The extent of the shift upwards at -0.6 V in the voltammograms for the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode in PB (ph 7.4) versus (A) the glucose concentration, (B) the amount of bio-gate AuNPs-mAb, and (C) the immunoreaction time between ME and the PMSN@AuNPs-mAb bioconjugate, where bioconjugate PMSN@AuNPs-mAb incubated with 100 nm ME..S5 Figure S4. CVs of the CNT/AuNPs electrode (black curve) and the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode (red curve) in PB (ph 7.4).S6 Figure S5. CVs of the CNT/AuNPs (A) and the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode (B) in PB (ph 7.4) in the absence of glucose (a), and in the presence of 5 mm glucose (b) S7 Figure S6. CVs of the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode in PB (ph 7.4) in the absence of ME and in the presence of PMSN@AuNPs-mAb during the period of 10 days; a: 0 d; b: 2 d; c: 4 d; d: 6 d; e: 8 d; f: 10 d...s8 Figure S7. The linear relationship of E OCV vs. the logarithm of the glucose concentration. The concentration of the glucose (a l) was 1 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, 20 mm, and 22 mm, respectively. Error bars represent the standard deviation of independent measurements of three immunosensors.... S9 Figure S8. E OCV obtained from different sets of PMSN@AuNPs-mAb before (green column) and after incubating with 1 nm ME (blue column). S10 Table S1. Comparison of analytical performance for ME assay by our method and those reported in literature.s11 References.S12 S-2

3 Figure S1. (A) EIS and (B) SEM image of the bare carbon paper. S-3

4 Figure S2. DLS of bare AuNPs (a) and AuNPs-mAb (b). S-4

5 Figure S3. The extent of the shift upwards at -0.6 V in the voltammograms for the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode in PB (ph 7.4) versus (A) the glucose concentration, (B) the amount of bio-gate AuNPs-mAb, and (C) the immunoreaction time between ME and the PMSN@AuNPs-mAb bioconjugate, where bioconjugate PMSN@AuNPs-mAb incubated with 100 nm ME. S-5

6 Figure S4. CVs of the CNT/AuNPs electrode (black curve) and the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode (red curve) in PB (ph 7.4). S-6

7 Figure S5. CVs of the CNT/AuNPs (A) and the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode (B) in PB (ph 7.4) in the absence of glucose (a), and in the presence of 5 mm glucose (b). As shown in Figure S5A, the CNTs/AuNPs could catalyze the glucose oxidation at about 0.05 V. By contrast, when GOD was immobilized on the CNTs/AuNPs electrode through a condensation reaction between the amino groups in enzymes and the carboxyl groups on the Au NPs, the oxidation peak at 0.05 V was not observed (Figure S5B), which might be attributed the fact that the active sites of AuNPs were covered by GOD. Thus, it should be noted that when the GOD was introduced, AuNPs modified CNTs only play the role of bonding the bioenzyme in their optimal positioning at the electrodes. In this case, with the addition of the glucose, the consumption of O 2 (glucose + O 2 GOD gluconolactone + H 2O 2) resulted in the decrease of the reductive current (Figure S5B), which was in accordance with the reported references. 1-5 The results confirmed a portion of active GOD still remained at the electrode surface and the O 2-mediated glucose oxidation occurred. 1, 5 S-7

8 Figure S6. CVs of the GOD/CNT/AuNPs bioanode in PB (ph 7.4) in the absence of ME and in the presence of during the period of 10 days; a: 0 d; b: 2 d; c: 4 d; d: 6 d; e: 8 d; f: 10 d. S-8

9 Figure S7. The linear relationship of E OCV vs. the logarithm of the glucose concentration. The concentration of the glucose (a l) was 1 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, 20 mm, and 22 mm, respectively. Error bars represent the standard deviation of independent measurements of three immunosensors. S-9

10 Figure S8. E OCV obtained from different sets of PMSN@AuNPs-mAb before (green column) and after incubating with 1 nm ME (blue column). S-10

11 Table S1. Comparison of analytical performance for ME assay by our method and those reported in literature Method Strategy LOD (M) Dynamic range (M) Ref. Self-powered Target-induced glucose release and Our immunosensor homogeneous immunoassay work MPWFI a Fluorescence Fluorescence quenching Graphene Quantum Dots/ Hg Hg 2+ / gold nanoclusters DNA Recycling Amplification Electrochemical Graphene-Porous PdCu Alloy Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticle Poly (para-aminobenzoic acid) film ECL b solid-phase extraction Colorimetric gold nanoparticles ELISA c Monoclonal antibody Spectrophotometry ph gradual change-uv spectral data SERS d Silver nanoparticles GC/MS Coupled column separation a multiplexed planar waveguide fluorescence immunosensor; b electrochemiluminescence; c enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; d surface-enhanced Raman scattering S-11

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