The Pieces Inside of You that Make You Who You Are. Genes and DNA

Transcription

1 The Pieces Inside of You that Make You Who You Are Genes and DNA

2 Who are you? This question can be answered many ways Personality traits Kindness Vegetarian or Carnivore Athlete ***Traits you can control

3 Who are you? This question can be answered many ways Physical Traits Height Eye color Hair color and texture Foot size Bone strength Others??? Age Sex Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O Neal ***Traits you can t control

4 What determines your physical characteristics? GENES Genes are molecules in every cell that act like recipes. They tell your cells how to behave by coding for proteins. Genes determine how we look, move and grow. You get your genes from your parents.

5 What are your genes? DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) DNA holds your specific code for every part of your body. It is the collection of recipe books. A gene is made of a long strand of DNA. There are about 30,000 genes made up of your strands of DNA. DNA

6 Why is DNA so Important? * DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses. * DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for making proteins * DNA s codes are converted/changed into messages (mrna) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins. * Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive

7 What is DNA made of? Nucleotides A nucleotide is composed of two parts: DNA Backbone made of an alternating phosphorous and sugar pattern Rungs of the Ladder: Bases Made of nitrogen (A, T, G & C) Rung of the ladder (base) DNA Backbone

8 What are the parts of DNA? * The Backbone Has 2 Parts 2 Strands called: Double Helix D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR) P = Phosphate

9 What are the parts of DNA? * The Rungs The Nitrogen Bases A = Adenine A - T T = Thymine C = Cytosine C - G G = Guanine

10 Bases are Important! There are four bases: Adenine A Thymine T Cytosine C Guanine G The order of these bases along a strand of DNA codes for your genes.

11 DNA is Fashionable Just like a model wearing a suit jacket with suit pants, or a t-shirt with blue genes, A only pairs with T and G only pairs with C. A T G C Remembering Key: AT G and C look alike

12 Lets Practice: What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG TAA GCA ATA GCA GAC TTT TGC Yes! We made DNA! What did we just do?

13 What do Nucleotides do? Three nucleotides (codon) in a row code for one amino acid (building blocks of proteins). A long string of amino acids makes a protein. A strand of DNA: CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAC TCT mrna:gac trna: CUG Codes for: Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser Which is the beginning of the protein Nucleotide Amino Acid Protein Proteins allow the body to perform and function

14 What do proteins do? Proteins make you! Your hair is a protein The protein Keratin The sequence of the amino acids of this protein determine it s structure and gives you straight, curly, or frizzy hair.

15 Why is RNA Important? DNA is too big and CAN T leave the nucleus it must send messages mrna is created by DNA in the nucleus * mrna contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins

16 What are the parts of RNA? * RNA Just is Made Like DNA, of: RNA has: Ribose Sugar (SUGAR) Phosphate (same as DNA) BUT.. Nitrogen Bases Base (A,U, C, G) First: U stands for Uracil. NO THYMINE in RNA!! Notice that RNA has 1 Strand! a different nitrogen base

17 RNA Nitrogen Bases: A bonds with U THYMINE in RNA!! C bonds with G

18 Lets Practice This Again: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC UGU GCU AAU GCC UAU GCG UAG What Now did we just do? what? YES! We transcribed/made mrna from DNA

19 Mutations All genetic disorders are caused by a mutation Mutation: A change in the genetic base-code for a protein. A mutation can occur at almost any stage in development Mutations can be caused by insertions, deletions or substitutions in the nucleotide sequence. Environmental factors can lead to mutations as well. Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. + Horse Donkey Mule