Genetics review. 3. The chart below shows relationships between genes, the environment, and coloration of tomato plants.

Transcription

1 Name: Date: 1. When the bacterium Serratia marcescens is grown on a sterile culture medium in a petri dish at 30, the bacterial colonies are cream colored. When this same bacterium is cultured under identical conditions, except at a temperature of 25, the colonies are brick red. This difference in color is most likely due to the. type of nutrients in the culture medium. sterilization of the culture medium. effect of temperature on the expression of the gene for color D. effect of colony size on the synthesis of color pigments 2. The accompanying data table summarizes the results of an investigation in which seeds from the same plant were grown under different conditions of temperature and relative humidity. 3. The chart below shows relationships between genes, the environment, and coloration of tomato plants. Inherited Gene Environmental ondition Final ppearance Light Green Light White Dark White Dark White Which statement best explains the final appearance of these tomato plants?. The expression of gene is not affected by light.. The expression of gene varies with the presence of light.. The expression of gene varies with the environment. D. Gene is expressed only in darkness. Which conclusion can be drawn from the information in the data table?. olor in this species is determined by genes, only.. Many characteristics are not inherited.. Mutations occur only when plants are grown at low temperatures. D. There is an interaction between environment and heredity. page 1

2 4. The puppies shown in the photograph below are all from the same litter. 6. To determine the identity of their biological parents, adopted children sometimes request DN tests. These tests involve comparing DN samples from the child to DN samples taken from the likely parents. Possible relationships may be determined from these tests because the. base sequence of the father determines the base sequence of the offspring. DN of parents and their offspring is more similar than the DN of nonfamily members. position of the genes on each chromosome is unique to each family D. mutation rate is the same in closely related individuals The differences seen within this group of puppies are most likely due to. overproduction and selective breeding. mutations and elimination of genes. evolution and asexual reproduction D. sorting and recombination of genes 5. s male children get older, some begin to closely resemble their fathers and have no resemblance to their mothers. Which statement best explains this observation? 7. Most cells in the body of a fruit fly contain eight chromosomes. How many of these chromosomes were contributed by each parent of the fruit fly? D ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram below shows the results of a test that was done using DN samples from three bears of different species. Each DN sample was cut into fragments using a specific enzyme and placed in the wells as indicated below. The DN fragments were then separated using gel electrophoresis.. Several sperm fertilized the egg, so the fertilized egg contained more genes from their father.. More genes are inherited from the sperm cell of their father than from the egg cell of their mother, so most traits will be like those of their father.. More genes from their father are expressed in traits that can be seen, and more genes from their mother are expressed in traits that cannot be seen, such as blood type or enzyme function. D. Genes from their father are stronger than genes from their mother, so the genes from their mother are not expressed. Which two bears are most closely related? Support your answer with data from the test results. 9. Identify one additional way to determine the evolutionary relationship of these bears. page 2

3 10. Hereditary information is stored inside the 12. The diagram below represents the cloning of a carrot plant.. ribosomes, which have chromosomes that contain many genes. ribosomes, which have genes that contain many chromosomes. nucleus, which has chromosomes that contain many genes D. nucleus, which has genes that contain many chromosomes 11. The diagram below represents single-celled organism dividing by mitosis to form cells and. ompared to each cell of the original carrot plant, each cell of the new plant will have. the same number of chromosomes and the same types of genes. the same number of chromosomes, but different types of genes. half the number of chromosomes and the same types of genes D. half the number of chromosomes, but different types of genes 13. Which event occurring in the life cycle of a bacterium most directly involves the replication of DN? ells,, and all produced protein X. What can best be inferred from this observation?. Protein X is found in all organisms.. The gene for protein X is found in singlecelled organisms, only.. ells,, and ingested food containing the gene to produce protein X.. The bacterium copies its single chromosome.. s the cell grows, the two copies of the chromosome separate.. The cell divides as a partition separates it into equal halves. D. Each new cell receives one copy of the chromosome. D. The gene to produce protein X was passed from cell to cells and. page 3

4 14. The accompanying diagram represents a cell process. 16. The organism represented below is multicellular, heterotrophic, and completely aquatic. Which statement regarding this process is correct?. ell contains the same genetic information that cells and contain.. ell has DN that is only 50% identical to cell.. ell has DN that is only 75% identical to cell. D. ells,, and contain completely different genetic information. 15. The diagram represents reproduction of single-celled organism, which has a normal chromosome number of 8. Which other characteristics could be used to describe this organism?. carries out photosynthesis and needs oxygen. deposits cellular wastes on land and decomposes dead organisms. reproduces asexually and is a consumer D. reproduces in a water habitat and is a producer 17. Two different types of cells from an organism are shown. Explain how these two different types of cells can function differently in the same organism even though they both contain the same genetic instructions. 18. Which row in the chart below best describes asexual reproduction? In the circles representing offspring 1 and offspring 2, write the number of chromosomes that result from the normal asexual reproduction of organism. Row Number of Parents omparison of Offspring to Parents (1) one identical (2) one different (3) two identical (4) two different. Row (1). Row (2). Row (3) D. Row (4) page 4

5 19. n antibiotic is effective in killing 95% of a population of bacteria that reproduce by the process shown below. 22. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram, which provides information related to heredity, and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement best describes future generations of these bacteria?. They will be produced by asexual reproduction and will be more resistant to the antibiotic.. They will be produced by sexual reproduction and will be more resistant to the antibiotic.. They will be produced by asexual reproduction and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic. D. They will be produced by sexual reproduction and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic. The type of molecule in box serves as a template. Explain what this means. 23. Molecule 1 represents a segment of hereditary information, and molecule 2 represents the portion of a molecule that is determined by information from molecule The diagrams below illustrate types of asexual reproduction. Which statement correctly describes the offspring?. They vary genetically from the parent.. They are produced by the union of gametes.. They obtain nourishment from a placenta. D. They result without the union of gametes. 21. medical test indicates that a patient has a defective protein. This condition is most likely due to a change in the directions coded in the. number of hydrogen atoms in starch molecules. sequence of inorganic molecules What will most likely happen if there is a change in the first three subunits on the upper strand of molecule 1?. The remaining subunits in molecule 1 will also change.. portion of molecule 2 may be different.. Molecule 1 will split apart, triggering an immune response. D. Molecule 2 may form two strands rather than one.. number of carbon atoms in sugar molecules D. sequence of subunits in DN page 5

6 24. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology. In DN, a sequence of three bases is a code for the placement of a certain amino acid in a protein chain. The table below shows some amino acids with their abbreviations and DN codes Which amino acid chain would be produced by the DN base sequence below? ---G-T-T----T-T--T-T-G-T-G- 28. hanges in the genetic code of a human can be transmitted to offspring if they occur in. cancer cells. gametes. cell membranes D. antibodies 29. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Mutations are often referred to as the raw materials of evolution. Use appropriate letters to write a 9-base DN sequence that could represent a portion of a gene. 30. Show one example of what could happen to the 9-base DN sequence you wrote in the previous question if a mutation occurred in that gene.... D. 25. Identify one environmental factor that could cause a base sequence in DN to be changed to a different base sequence. 26. Describe how a protein would be changed if a base sequence mutates from GG to TG. 27. single gene mutation results from. a change in a base sequence in DN. recombination of traits. the failure of chromosomes to separate D. blocked nerve messages page 6

7 31. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In an investigation, DN samples from four organisms,,,, and D, were cut into fragments. The number of bases in the resulting DN fragments for each sample is shown below. 32. DN electrophoresis is used to study evolutionary relationships of species. The diagram below shows the results of DN electrophoresis for four different animal species. The diagram below represents the gel-like material through which the DN fragments moved during gel electrophoresis. Draw lines to represent the position of the fragments from each DN sample when electrophoresis is completed. Which species has the most DN in common with species?. X and Y, only. Y, only. Z, only D. X, Y, and Z page 7

8 33. The diagram below represents a structure found in most cells. 35. The letters in the accompanying diagram represent genes on a particular chromosome. Gene contains the code for an enzyme that cannot be synthesized unless gene is also active. Which statement best explains why this can occur? The section labeled in the diagram is most likely a. protein composed of folded chains of base subunits. biological catalyst. part of a gene for a particular trait D. chromosome undergoing a mutation. hereditary trait can be determined by more than one gene.. Genes are made up of double-stranded segments of DN.. ll the genes on a chromosome act to produce a single trait. D. The first gene on each chromosome controls all the other genes on the chromosome. 34. Part of a molecule found in cells is represented below. Which process is most directly affected by the arrangement of components 1 through 4?. diffusion through cell membranes. fertilization of a sex cell. sequencing of amino acids in cells D. increasing the number of cells in an organism page 8

9 36. ase your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 39. The accompanying diagram shows two different structures, 1 and 2, that are present in many singlecelled organisms. Structure 1 contains protein, but not protein, and structure 2 contains protein, but not protein. Which statement is correct concerning protein and protein?. Proteins and have different functions and different amino acid chains. Fill in the missing mrn bases and the amino acid sequence that corresponds to the DN base sequence below. DN GTG G TG mrn mino acids 37. Four different segments of a DN molecule are represented below.. Proteins and have different functions but the same amino acid chains.. Proteins and have the same function but a different sequence of bases (,, T, and G). D. Proteins and have the same function and the same sequence of bases (,, T, and G). 40. Two proteins in the same cell perform different functions. This is because the two proteins are composed of There is an error in the DN molecule in. segment 1, only. segment 3, only. segments 2 and 3 D. segments 2 and The shape of a protein molecule is influenced by. whether it is organic or inorganic. chains folded the same way and the same sequence of simple sugars. chains folded the same way and the same sequence of amino acids. chains folded differently and a different sequence of simple sugars D. chains folded differently and a different sequence of amino acids. the sequence of amino acids in it. the number of genes found in the nucleus D. the number of chromosomes in the cell page 9

10 41. The development of an embryo is represented in the diagram below. 42. ase your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Stem cells present in an embryo are responsible for the formation of various tissues and organs. Recent research suggests that it may be possible to replicate stem cells from sections of skin taken from adult mice, rather than having to use stem cells from the embryos of mice. In the future, human stem cells may be used to replace human tissue damaged by diseases such as Parkinson s disease and multiple sclerosis. Discuss why the use of stem cells taken from a patient to replace damaged tissues and organs may decrease the potential risk to a patient. In your answer, be sure to: These changes in the form of the embryo are a direct result of. uncontrolled cell division and mutations. differentiation and growth. antibodies and antigens inherited from the father identify the major problem that may occur when tissues and organs donated by another individual are used explain why this problem may occur explain why this problem will not occur if tissues and organs produced by stem cells from the patient are used D. meiosis and fertilization page 10

11 43. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The four wells represented in the diagram were each injected with fragments that were prepared from DN samples using identical techniques. 47. Steps in a reproductive process used to produce a sheep with certain traits are listed below. Step 1 The nucleus was removed from an unfertilized egg taken from sheep. Step 2 The nucleus of a body cell taken from sheep was then inserted into this unfertilized egg from sheep. Step 3 The resulting cell was then implanted into the uterus of sheep. Step 4 Sheep gave birth to sheep D. Which sheep would be most genetically similar to sheep D?. sheep, only This laboratory procedure is known as. cloning. gel electrophoresis. sheep, only. both sheep and D. both sheep and. chromatography D. use of a dichotomous key 44. The arrow represents the direction of the movement of the DN fragments. What is responsible for the movement of the DN in this process? 45. The four samples of DN were taken from four different individuals. Explain how this is evident from the results shown in the diagram. 46. Identify the substance that was used to treat the DN to produce the fragments that were put into the wells. page 11

12 48. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The DN of three different species of birds was analyzed to help determine if there is an evolutionary relationship between these species. The diagram shows the results of this analysis. 49. The information in the chart below represents the sex chromosome arrangement in humans and birds. Sex chromosomes contain genes involved in sex determination. Sex hromosomes in nimals nimal Female Male humans XX XY birds ZW ZZ In humans, it is the male gamete that is responsible for determining the sex of the offspring. Identify which type of gamete determines the sex of the offspring in birds. Support your answer. Type of Gamete: The chart below contains amino acid sequences for part of a protein that is found in the feathers on each of these three species of birds. Species mino cid Sequence rg-leu-glu-gly-his-his-pro-lys-rg rg-gly-glu-gly-his-his-pro-lys-rg rg-leu-glu-gly-his-his-pro-lys-rg State one way this data supports the inference that these three bird species may be closely related. page 12

13 Problem-ttic format version c Educide Software Licensed for use by Dan Figueras Terms of Use at 05/29/ nswer: 2. nswer: 3. nswer: 4. nswer: 5. nswer: 6. nswer: 7. nswer: 8. nswer: 9. nswer: 10. nswer: 11. nswer: 12. nswer: 13. nswer: 14. nswer: D D D bears 1 and 3 are most closely related and they have more DN bands (4) in common. ompare proteins from the bears. OR ompare embryonic similarities. OR ompare structural similarities. D 15. nswer: nswer: 17. nswer: Different types of cells express different genes. OR They contain different proteins. 18. nswer: 19. nswer: 20. nswer: 21. nswer: 22. nswer: 23. nswer: 24. nswer: 25. nswer: 26. nswer: 27. nswer: 28. nswer: 29. nswer: 30. nswer: D D The template serves as a pattern. ultraviolet light, radiation, x rays, or chemicals The shape of the protein may be changed. OR The amino acid sequence would be different. OR The protein would contain threonine instead of proline. OR The protein being synthesized may not work correctly. OR The protein will not be able to function. TGT or TGG nswers will vary

14 31. nswer: 32. nswer: 33. nswer: 34. nswer: 35. nswer: 36. nswer: DN GTG G TG mrn GUG UG U mino acids VL HIS LEU THR 45. nswer: 46. nswer: 47. nswer: 48. nswer: 49. nswer: Teacher s Key Page 2 The bands are in different positions in each column. OR different banding patterns OR different number of bands enzymes or restriction enzymes or enzymes that cut DN. Since they have similar amino acid sequences, they may be closely related. OR Since they have amino acid sequences that are very much alike, the species have similar DN. Female or egg or zw and supporting the answer. cceptable responses include, but are not limited to: - Female gametes have one of two different types of sex chromosomes. - The egg may contain one of two different types of sex chromosomes. 37. nswer: 38. nswer: 39. nswer: 40. nswer: 41. nswer: 42. nswer: 43. nswer: 44. nswer: D rejection of tissues or organs; foreign proteins from donated/tissues/organs trigger immune response, or immune system attacks foreign tissues/organs; Proteins in tissues/organs will be the same as those of the patient, so the immune system. will not attack. electric current, attraction of negative fragments to positive pole, or charges on the DN