Unit Plan 2: The Whole Genome

Transcription

1 Unit Plan 2: The Whole Genome Each unit is complete with the corresponding slides found in the main Genetic Engineering PowerPoint. Teachers have the liberty to cover the material on an as-needed basis based on alignment with class curriculum. Estimated Time Materials 2-3 class periods PowerPoint, printable worksheets of choice from the following lesson plan Objectives 1. Define the term genomics (Remember) 2. Differentiate between DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling by explaining how each can be used in agriculture (Analyze) 3. Explain the function of restriction enzymes (Apply) 4. Summarize gel electrophoresis and how the gel is interpreted (Understanding) 5. Explain the function of PCR and how it is used in genetic engineering (Apply) Standards and strands Agricultural Science 1 Strand 4, Standard 4, Identify and discuss the contents of a genome. Agriculture Science 3 Strand 5, Standard 1, Compare and contrast the structures and functions of DNA and RNA, Demonstrate the isolation of DNA Strand 5, Standard 2, Explain electrophoretic techniques, and interpret electrophoresis fragmentation patterns. Assessment Options 1. Choose any of the included activities or projects as assessments. Vocabulary Genomics, agri-genomics, DNA fingerprinting, DNA Profiling, PCR, Next Generation Sequencing

2 Objectives Curriculum and Instruction: Content Teaching Method 1. Define the term genomics (Remember) Genomics The study of the genome which typically involves sequencing the genome and identifying genes and their functions "Appendix G: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: / Agricultural genomics, or Agrigenomics: 1. The Whole Genome a. The study of genomes, complete DNA sets, is called Genomics. b species genomes have been published as of 2015, with progress being made on tens of thousands of others. c. Organism, number of genes, year completed diagram of sequencing genomes. For greater depth, consider the following lesson plan on Marker Assisted Selection: Additional information for the following found at Khan Academy AP Biology DNA analysis methods: 2. Differentiate between DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling by explaining how each can be used in agriculture (Analyze) 2. DNA Fingerprinting a. DNA Fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling b. Like fingerprints are unique to each person, DNA is unique to the person it belongs to, meaning it is traceable. Venn Diagram o Consider having students create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling. c.

3 i. Diagram: s/what-is-a-dna-fingerprint 3. DNA Profiling a. i. Diagram: s/what-is-a-dna-fingerprint Marker-assisted selection The use of DNA sequences to determine which plants or organisms have particular version (allele) of existing genes. Markers do not become part of the plant s genome "Appendix G: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: /23395.

4 4. Explain the function of restriction enzymes (Apply) b. DNA Fingerprinting vs DNA Profiling i. Text resource: s/what-is-a-dna-fingerprint 1. Restriction Enzymes a. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into restriction fragments. For example, if the same restriction enzyme is used on different DNA samples, if they are cut at the same place that means they have the same sequence and they match. b. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate restriction fragments based on size using an electrical charge. Can be used on macromolecules typically proteins or nucleic acids. c. i. Diagram Source:

5 5. Summarize gel electrophoresis and how the gel is interpreted (Understanding) 1. Gel Electrophoresis a. The fragments are identifiable based on the bands created in the gel, shorter fragments move further through the gel and the longer fragments move a shorter distance. b. Agarose gel is use It has pores and electricity causes the negatively charged DNA to more toward the positive electrical end of the plate. c. AleWX78 Gel Electrophoresis Video Guides f. Lesson 1: Collection of a DNA Sample i. yv9stonsy g. Lesson 2: PCR Amplification i. Uo4QV7emo&t=2s h. Lesson 3: Gel Electrophoresis of Amplified PCR Samples i. 56z1HeAc Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Labs i. DNA Extraction i. /labs/extraction/ j. Gel Electrophoresis i. /labs/gel/ k. PCR i. /labs/pcr/ e. i. Diagram Source: s/what-is-gel-electrophoresis 6. Explain the function of PCR and how it is used in genetic engineering (Apply) 2. Polymerase Chain Reaction a. Techniques include the PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction, which can copy segments of DNA for analysis, from blood or other tissue. b. The Evolution of PCR Consider completing the following Polymerase Chain Reaction Activity (PCR) by Alexandra Romero, Gorton High School: 06.html

6 i. Polymerase from Yellowstone National Park? ii. v=kjj56z1heac (6 min 51 sec) c. i. Diagram Source: s/what-is-pcr-polymerase-chainreaction

7 Additional activities based on agricultural topic: General From Mendel to Markers Genome Data Viewer How to use: Webinar: Animal - Science Plant Plant & Soil Sciences e Library Overview of Plant Genetic Engineering Science order=1&maxto=9&minto=1 Additional reading based on agriculture topic: General - Animal Genomic Selection A Paradigm Shift in Animal Breeding: Illumina next-generation sequencing and Science genotyping technologies are revolutionizing animal breeding. High-Density Genotyping Aids Livestock Improvement: Zoetis uses Illumina BreadChips to enable livestock producers to improve the genetic makeup of their herds Genomic selection in agriculture: An overview of recent publications featuring Illumina technology Blueprint for USDA Efforts in Agricultural Animal Genomics The Dog Genome: Shedding Light on Human Disease Elaine Ostrander If students are not familiar with food animal genetics, introduce this concept with household pets, such as dogs. Consider the following resources: Selective Advances in Cattle Breeding Plant Science - Sources: Pearson Education Campbell Essential Biology (6th E) by Simon, Reece, & Dickey. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.