INTEREST GRABBER NOTEBOOK

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1 Biology Chapter 12

2 INTEREST GRABBER! NOTEBOOK #1 Order! Order!! Genes are made of DNA, a large, complex molecule. DNA is composed of individual units called nucleotides. Three of these units form a code. The order, or sequence, of a code and the type of code determine the meaning of the message. 1. In your notebook, write the word cats. List the letters or units that make up the word cats. 2. Try rearranging the units to form other words. Remember that each new word can have only three units. Write each word on your paper, and then add a definition for each word. 3. Did any of the codes you formed have the same meaning? 4. How do you think changing the order of the nucleotides in the DNA codon changes the codon s message?

3 Nucleotides! Nucleotidesbuilding blocks of DNA! 4 bases:! Adenine- A! Guanine- G! Thymine- T! Cytosine- C! Purines- A, G! Pyrimidines C, T, U! Uracil is found only in RNA

4 Percentage of bases in four organisms Source of DNA A T G C Streptococcus Yeast Herring Human

5 Nucleotides- composed of a sugar, phosphate and base

6 DNA Nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine -DNA nucleotides always bond A-T and C-G Phosphate group Deoxyribose

7 Structure of DNA- nucleotides are building blocks Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugarphosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

8 Rosalin Franklin Structure of DNA! James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize for discovering the structure of DNA! Double Helixshaped like a twisted ladder

9 DNA structure (deoxyribonucleic acid)

10 DNA Replication- zipper model

11 Role of DNA! DNA codes for specific proteins which make each organism unique! Since both genes and proteins are unique, it is logical that genes may work by coding for proteins

12 NOTEBOOK #2 1. What is a nucleotide? 2. What is a nucleotide composed of? 3. What bases bond during replication? 4. What bases are the purines? Pyrimidines? 5. What model is used to explain DNA replication?

13 Interest Grabber! NOTEBOOK #3! A Perfect Copy! When a cell divides, each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. This means that each new cell has a complete set of the DNA code. Before a cell can divide, the DNA must be copied so that there are two sets ready to be distributed to the new cells.

14 Interest Grabber cont. 1. On a sheet of paper, draw a curving or zig-zagging line that divides the paper into two halves. Vary the bends in the line as you draw it. Without tracing, copy the line on a second sheet of paper. 2. Hold the papers side by side, and compare the lines. Do they look the same? 3. Now, stack the papers, one on top of the other, and hold the papers up to the light. Are the lines the same? 4. How could you use the original paper to draw exact copies of the line without tracing it? 5. Why is it important that the copies of DNA that are given to new daughter cells be exact copies of the original?

15 Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure Chromosome E. coli bacterium Bases on the chromosome

16 Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes Chromosome Supercoils Nucleosome Coils DNA double helix Histones

17 DNA Replication New strand Original strand DNA polymerase DNA polymerase Growth Growth Replication fork Replication fork New strand Original strand

18 Interest Grabber! NOTEBOOK #4 Information, Please! DNA contains the information that a cell needs to carry out all of its functions. In a way, DNA is like the cell s encyclopedia. Suppose that you go to the library to do research for a science project. You find the information in an encyclopedia. You go to the desk to sign out the book, but the librarian informs you that this book is for reference only and may not be taken out. 1. Why do you think the library holds some books for reference only? 2. If you can t borrow a book, how can you take home the information in it? 3. All of the parts of a cell are controlled by the information in DNA, yet DNA does not leave the nucleus. How do you think the information in DNA might get from the nucleus to the rest of the cell?

19 Concept Map RNA can be Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA also called which functions to also called which functions to also called mrna Carry instructions rrna Combine with proteins trna Bring amino acids to ribosome from to to make up DNA Ribosome Ribosomes

20 Transcription RNA does not have Thymine, instead it has Uracil. When mrna copies DNA Adenine bonds to Uracil. (A-U) Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase RNA DNA

21 Transcription! Messenger RNA (mrna) enter the nucleus! The DNA unzips and the mrna copies one strand of the DNA! The transcribed mrna leaves the nucleus and heads to a ribosome

22 NOTEBOOK #5 1. What are the three kinds of RNA? 2. In what part of the cell are they found? 3. What is transcription? 4. In what part of the cell does transcription take place? 5. What nucleic acids are involved?

23 Translation

24 Translation cont.

25 ! The trna has a 3 base group called an anticodon, and the mrna is read in groups of 3 bases called the codon Translation! At a ribosome, the mrna code is read by the Transfer RNA (trna)! The trna brings specific amino acids to the mrna

26 Amino Acids - Genetic Code

27 Amino Acids- Genetic Code

28 Protein Synthesis

29 NOTEBOOK #6 1. What is translation? 2. In what part of the cell does translation occur? 3. What organelle is necessary for translation? 4. What nucleic acids are involved in translation? 5. What is ultimately the product of protein synthesis?

30 Expression of Genes! Mutations- changes in the genetic code! Mutagen- agents that cause mutations! DNA found in chloroplasts and mitochondria is circular- also some codons on organelle DNA code for different amino acids than nuclear DNA

31 Mutations (Silent Mutation) DNA mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein. Example: GCG codes for alanine. If a mutation occurred and the DNA was ACG, it would still code for the amino acid alanine.

32 Mutation (Silent Mutation)

33 Mutation (Nonsense) A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mrna.

34 Mutation (nonsense) DNA: 5' - ATG ACT CAC CGA GCG CGA AGC TGA - 3'shut 3' - TAC TGA GTG GCT CGC GCT TCG ACT - 5 mrna: 5' - AUG ACU CAC CGA GCG CGA AGC UGA - 3' Protein: Met Thr His Arg Ala Arg Ser Stop DNA: 5' - ATG ACT CAC TGA GCG CGA AGC TGA - 3' 3' - TAC TGA GTG ACT CGC GCT TCG ACT - 5 mrna: 5' - AUG ACU CAC UGA GCG CGU AGC UGA - 3' Protein: Met Thr His Stop

35 Mutation (Nonsense)

36 Mutation (Frameshift) A genetic mutation caused by the insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence.

37 Mutation (Frameshift)

38 NOTEBOOK #7 1. What is a mutation? 2. What is a mutagen? 3. What is a silent mutation? 4. What is a nonsense mutation? 5. What is a frameshift mutation?

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