Genetics Transcription Translation Replication

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1 Genetics Transcription Translation Replication 1. Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene? A. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype. B. An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules. C. An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene. D. An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo. 2. A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% 3. Which form of genetic engineering was used by humans for many years before the discovery of DNA? A. gene splicing B. gene insertion C. animal cloning D. selective breeding

2 4. What must be transmitted to new DNA strands during replication to maintain genetic information? A. individual atoms from existing DNA strands B. individual sugars from existing DNA strands C. the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands D. the sequence of phosphates from existing DNA strands 5. The genetic material of two different individuals of the same species is analyzed. One individual has brown eyes. The other has blue eyes. Which characteristic for eye color would be the same for both individuals? A. the allele B. the DNA sequence C. the amount of pigment D. the location of the gene 6. A genetic mutation involving a single base causes an error that affects the sequence of the next 500 amino acids in a protein. Which type of mutation could have produced this type of error in the protein? A. silent B. nonsense C. frame-shift D. substitution 7. New technologies enable oils to be extracted from plants to make renewable biodiesel fuel. Scientists have altered the genome of a specific plant species to increase the amount of oil produced by each plant. Which statement explains why this technology most likely benefits farmers? A. It makes each plant more resistant to disease. B. It lowers the cost of each acre of plants cultivated. C. It increases the value of each acre of land cultivated. D. It eliminates the processing needed to extract plant oils.

3 8. Which statement best describes the process by which the millions of body cells that form a housefly can all contain the same genetic information? A. Original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells. B. Original RNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells. C. Original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into four new cells. D. Original RNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into four new cells. 9. The presence of a specific trait is genetically inherited. There are only two possible outcomes for this trait: an individual either inherits the trait or does not inherit the trait. Which statement best describes how parents influence this trait? A. Each parent contributes two genes for this trait. B. Each parent contributes one allele for this trait. C. Each parent contributes two chromosomes for this trait. D. Each parent contributes one nitrogenous base for this trait.

4 Use the diagram below to answer question 4. DNA Section A G T G C C G A C original strand A G G C C G A C altered strand 10. A section of DNA in a cell is altered. Which mutation is being illustrated in the DNA section above? A. B. C. D. deletion insertion duplication nondisjunction Use the diagram below to answer question 11.

5 11. A mutation occurred that caused a change in an mrna sequence. The mrna codon UAC was replaced by the codon UAA. Which statement describes the most likely outcome of the mutation? A. It will produce the same protein using a different set of codons. B. It will result in an incomplete protein that does not function properly. C. It will cause mrna to attach a new amino acid chain during transcription. D. It will change the bonding pattern between the amino acids joining together.

6 12. In order to study genetic mutations, scientists must study genetic material. Which statement describes the genetic material scientists are most likely studying? A. They study alleles that contain chromosomes, which are RNA. B. They study alleles that contain genes, which are chromosomes. C. They study chromosomes that contain DNA segments, which are RNA D. They study chromosomes that contain genes, which are DNA segments. 13. An inversion occurs along part of a chromosome. How does the inversion most likely affect the region in which it occurs? A. Recessive alleles in the region become dominant alleles. B. The information in the region is read differently during transcription. C. The coding sequence in the region disappears entirely from the cell. D. Multiple frame-shift errors in the region are triggered after translation 14. Use the diagram below to answer the question. Biological Process DNA Y mrna Z protein Which labels correctly complete the diagram? A. Y is replication, and Z is translation B. Y is translation, and Z is replication. C. Y is transcription, and Z is translation. D. Y is translation, and Z is transcription

7 15. A male pistol shrimp with protective eye tissue pockets mates with a female shrimp without protective eye tissue pockets. All of the offspring have eye tissue pockets. Which statement is the most likely conclusion that can be made about the eye tissue pocket trait in pistol shrimp? A. It is a recessive, autosomal trait. B. It is a dominant, autosomal trait. C. It is a trait that results from multiple alleles. D. It is a trait that results from incomplete dominance.

8 16. The DNA Replication diagram is incomplete. Which nucleotide sequence accurately shows the DNA strand that would be produced during DNA replication? A. TCCA B. AGGT C. UCCU D. AGGU

9 17. The traits from two sections of the same DNA strand are altered, resulting in the production of a new species.which activity would a cell be unable to perform if a mutation occurred that caused the Golgi apparatus to stop functioning? A. packaging proteins for transport out of the cell B. processing mrna as it is transcribed from DNA strands C. providing the location for the delivery of amino acids by trna D. producing a template to guide the sequencing of amino acid chains 18. Which statement describes how cloning is different from selective breeding? A. Cloning eliminates recessive alleles from a genome. B. Cloning transforms harmful traits into beneficial traits. C. Cloning corrects or replaces mutated gene sequences. D. Cloning results in offspring genetically identical to the parents.

10 CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE ITEM 1. In pea plants, the flowers can be purple or white. The diagram shows three generations of pea plant crosses. Part A: Using the pea flower color cross, identify the pattern of inheritance shown and explain how the cross shows this pattern. Part B: Explain how farmers could ensure that they only grow white flowers.

11 2. New technologies can extract certain oils from plants to make renewable biodiesel fuel. Scientists have altered the genome of a species of plant to increase the amount of this oil that each plant produces. To do this, scientists activated a gene that directs cells to store plant oils. To further increase the amount of plant oil produced, scientists are planning to duplicate the gene that codes for oil production. Part A. Describe how the altering of the plant s genome by the scientists is similar to naturally occurring genetic mutations. Part B.Explain how this process could impact agriculture in the United States. Part C. Explain how altering the genome of a species has impacted the field of medicine 3. In the 1800s Gregor Mendel published a scientific paper based on pea plant experiments. In the paper he made the following conclusion: Traits have two possible forms, which are determined by the inheritance of two factors. One factor is inherited from each parent. One form of the trait is dominant and the other recessive. When the offspring inherit one or more dominant factors, they will display that form of the trait Part A: Describe how one part of Mendel s conclusion is consistent with current scientific knowledge of inheritance. Part B: Since Mendel s paper was published, other forms of inheritance have been discovered. Describe two examples of how Mendel s conclusion does not fully explain the current scientific understanding of inheritance.

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