The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell
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1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell Textbook pages Section 4.1 Summary Before You Read Which parts of the cell bring in food and get rid of waste? Which parts of a cell control its ability to grow, develop, and make new cells? Record your ideas on the lines below. Create an Outline Make an outline of the information in this section. Use the headings in the reading and the labels in the diagrams to help you. Include the boldface terms and any other terms that you think are important. ribosomes A typical animal cell nucleus Close-up view of the nucleus nucleolus What does the cell nucleus do? The nucleus is the control centre of the cell. This means that the nucleus directs and controls all of the cell s activities. These activities include the ability of the cell to grow, develop, and replicate (make copies of itself). Reading Check 1. What are the functions of DNA? How does the nucleus perform its job? In the nucleus, the instructions for how to perform all cell activities are carried in molecules of DNA. DNA is a long, two-stranded molecule with a shape like a ladder that has been twisted into a spiral. DNA stores instructions for how to form cells, for the chemicals and structures that cells must make, and for everything that the cell does. DNA also stores genetic material information that is passed on from one generation to another when organisms reproduce. 56 MHR The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
2 Section 4.1 Summary How is DNA related to chromosomes and genes? Strands of DNA are packaged tightly into structures called chromosomes. Each type of organism has a specific number of chromosomes. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes that are arranged in 23 pairs. One of these pairs helps determine if a person will be born as a male or a female. Genes are found at specific places on a chromosome. Genes are small segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins. Proteins are molecules that all the cells of the body need in order to work properly. Some proteins carry out cell functions. Other proteins are parts of cell structures. There are as many as proteins in the human body. continued Reading Check 2. Why are proteins important to cells? Where are proteins made? Proteins are made in the cell by ribosomes. Ribosomes are made by a large structure in the nucleus called the nucleolus. chromosome gene (segment with information to make a protein) tightly packaged strands of DNA nucleus DNA cell This illustration shows DNA packaged in a chromosome, and the chromosome in the nucleus McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell MHR 57
3 Use with textbook pages Inside the nucleus Vocabulary Cloze Activity chromosomes DNA genes genetic molecule nucleolus nucleus number proteins ribosomes type Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. Each term may be used more than once. You will not need to use every term. 1. The directs and controls the ability of the cell to grow, develop, and replicate (make copies of itself). 2. The instructions for how to carry out all cell activities are carried in, which is a long, two-stranded with a shape like a ladder that has been twisted into a spiral shape. 3. stores instructions for everything that the cell does. It also stores material information that is passed on from one generation to another when organisms reproduce. 4. Strands of DNA are packaged tightly into structures called. 5. Each type of organism has a specific of chromosomes. 6. Humans have chromosomes that are arranged in pairs. One of these pairs helps determine if a person will be born as a male or a female. 7. are small segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins. They are found at specific places on. 8. Proteins are a type of that all the cells of the body need in order to work properly. 9. Proteins are made in the cell by, which are made by a large structure in the nucleus called the. 58 MHR The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
4 Interpreting Illustrations Use with textbook pages The control centre of the cell Use the diagram to help you answer question Describe the structure of DNA. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Then use your answers to questions 2 5 to label the diagram below. 2. The control centre of the cell 3. Molecule containing instructions for everything the cell does 4. Tightly packaged structures of DNA 5. Segment with information to make a protein (a) (c) (d) (b) 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell MHR 59
5 Use with textbook pages True or false? Comprehension Read the statements given below. If the statement is true, write T on the line in front of the statement. If it is false, write F and rewrite the statement to make it true. 1. The nucleolus directs and controls all of the cell s activities. 2. Instructions for how to carry out all cell activities are carried in molecules of DNA. 3. DNA stores information that is passed on from one generation to another when organisms reproduce. 4. Humans have 46 pairs of chromosomes. 5. One pair of ribosomes helps determine if a person will be born as a male or female. 6. The nucleolus makes ribosomes. 7. Ribosomes make proteins. 8. Genes make chromosomes. 60 MHR The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
6 Assessment Use with textbook pages The function of the nucleus within the cell Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once. Term 1. chromosome 2. DNA 3. gene 4. nucleolus 5. nucleus 6. proteins Descriptor A. segment of DNA located at a specific place on a chromosome B. controls all the activities within a cell C. a molecule found in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information D. essential materials needed to carry out cell activities E. makes proteins F. makes ribosomes G. tightly packed structure of DNA Circle the letter of the best answer. 7. Proteins are made by A. the ribosomes B. the chromosomes C. the DNA D. the nucleolus 8. Approximately how many proteins are in the human body? A. 100 B C D Which of the following are functions of proteins? I. carry out cell functions II. III. form parts of cell structures control all of the cells functions A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III 10. What instructions do genes carry? A. to make proteins B. to determine whether a person will be born male or female C. to pass information from one generation to the next D. to store genetic material 11. How many chromosomes do humans have? A. chromosomes are too small to be counted B. between and C. 92 arranged in 46 pairs D. 46 arranged in 23 pairs 12. Which of the following best describes DNA? I. twisted in a spiral shape II. III. shaped like a ladder A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III long, two-stranded molecule 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell MHR 61
nucleolus nucleus number proteins ribosomes type
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