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1 How is DNA used to solve crimes? Review Instructions: Get out a separate sheet of notebook paper Put your name on it Write your partner s name under yours Title the paper- DNA Lecture Review Both people must record each answer, but I will only collect one paper to grade, at random. 1
2 1. What is DNA? DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and contains genetic information. It is found on chromosomes located in the nucleus of our cells. 2. What makes up DNA? The sides or backbone of the DNA molecule are made up of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate Double Helix molecules. The rungs that form the middle of the molecule are made up of pairs of nucleotides or nitrogen bases. Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), while guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). The order of the bases determines the genetic code. DNA Image: What is DNA? cs.utah.edu/conte nt/molecules/dna/ netics.utah.edu /content/molec ules/builddna/ Source: Genetics Home Reference 2
3 Label the parts of the DNA on your note-taker Review: 1. Where are the "instructions" needed for a living organism to live and grow reside in a cell? 2. What is the molecule that holds these "instructions"? 3. How do the nitrogen bases pair as the rungs on the ladder of DNA? 4. What are the "sentences" found in DNA called? 3
4 Where is DNA? DNA is found in the cells in our body. Nucleus (Brain of the cell) Label the parts of the cell with DNA on your note-taker Mitochondria (more later) Where is DNA? DNA in the nucleus is packaged into Chromosomes 4
5 Where is DNA? Chromosomes come in pairs (one from Mother) (one from Father) There are 46 chromosomes in each somatic (non sex) cell. (23 pairs) Where is DNA? All types of cells in our body contain a copy of the same DNA. Some cells important to forensic science are: White Blood Cell Sperm Cell Buccal (Cheek) Cell 5
6 Review: 5. Where are 2 locations in our cells that contain DNA? 6. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? 7. What are 2 of the 3 cells that are important sources of DNA to forensic scientists? Closing Question: 7. Where may these cells be found at a crime scene? List at least 3 places. 6
7 4. What are sources of DNA at a Crime Scene? DNA can be recovered from any substance that contains cells. Blood Semen Saliva Tissue Bone Teeth Hair Maggot Crops 5. How is DNA used as evidence? Each person s DNA is different from other people (except identical twins). DNA collected from a crime scene can either link a suspect to the evidence or eliminate a suspect, similar to the use of fingerprints. DNA can identify a victim through DNA from relatives, even when no body can be found. DNA can link crime scenes together by linking the same perpetrator to different scenes locally, statewide, and across the nation. DNA can place an individual at a crime scene, in a home, or in a room where the suspect claimed not to have been. DNA can refute a claim of self-defense and put a weapon in the suspect's hand. It can change a story from an alibi to one of consent. DNA Strand Image & information : 7
8 Review: 9. Write an example scenario of how DNA could refute a claim of self-defense. 6. What factors affect DNA evidence? Several factors can affect the DNA left at a crime scene, such as environmental factors (e.g., heat, sunlight, moisture, bacteria, and mold). Therefore, not all DNA evidence will result in a usable DNA profile. Further, DNA testing cannot identify when the suspect was at the crime scene or for how long. 7. What is CODIS? CODIS stands for COmbined DNA Index System, which is an electronic database of DNA profiles that can identify suspects. DNA profiles from individuals convicted of certain crimes, such as rape, murder, and child abuse, are entered into CODIS and help officers identify possible suspects when no prior suspect existed. Did you know? Each human cell contains three billion DNA base pairs. Our unique DNA amounts to 0.1% or 3 million base pairs. DNA information : 8
9 Review: 10.Write a set of instructions to help prevent environmental contamination of DNA for crime scene investigators. 8. True or False? Circle the true statements Which three statements below are true? 1. The DNA in a man's blood is the same as the DNA in his skin cells and saliva. 2. Each person's DNA is different from every other individual's. 3. DNA can be found in all the cells in our bodies except the blood cells. 4. DNA can have forensic value even if it is decades old. 5. DNA evidence was first used to get a conviction in a trial in Star the true statements (if you got any incorrect) Watch the video segment from NOVA: "The Killer's Trail" and be ready to answer the questions on the next slide. 9
10 9. Video Questions: Watch for the answers to these questions as you watch the video clip. 1. How was DNA evidence used to prove that Dr. Sam Sheppard did not murder his wife? 2. Why wasn't this evidence used when the case first went to court? 3. Why do you think the DQA1 test was chosen for DNA analysis in this case, instead of another, more powerful genetic test? 4. If the blood trail left at the murder scene wasn't Marilyn's or Sam's, whose blood might it have been? 5. If you were a juror on this trial, would you be convinced by the DNA evidence? Why? Closing Question What are the 4 nitrogen bases that make up the rungs on the DNA ladder? 10
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