Neural Induction. Chapter One
|
|
- Hugh Phillips
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neural Induction Chapter One
2 Fertilization Development of the Nervous System Cleavage (Blastula, Gastrula) Neuronal Induction- Neuroblast Formation Cell Migration Mesodermal Induction Lateral Inhibition Axis Formation Cell-Cell Interactions Chemical Gradients Cell Lineage Cell-cell Interactions Spermann Organizer Transcription Factors Homeobox genes Chemical Gradients Axon Growth/Target innervation Cell-Cell Interactions Differentiation Synaptic Formation Electrical Differentiation Cell-Cell Interactions Trophic Factors Functional Nervous System
3 Mechanisms of nervous system development Gastrula Induction Neuroblast (Mesodermal induction via BMP signal inhibition) (Lateral Inhibition via regulation of transcription factors) (Cell migration, Differentiation) Functional Nervous System
4 Questioning Developmental Biologist started looking: Determine the time line of differentiation into different cell types What was determine by cell s position? What part did cell to cell interactions play? What was the inducing factor? What was required to form neuronal tissue?
5 Factors regulating development of the nervous system Before After Interactions with neighboring tissue is required for ectodermal differentiation into nervous tissue Neuronal lineage arises during gastrulation Isolation of animal cap before gastrulation gives origin to epidermal cells. If the animal cap is removed after gastrulation, it will give origin to neurons. These experiments suggest that tissue arrangements during gastrulation is necessary for induction of nerve tissue
6 In Amphibian, the involuting mesoderm (dorsal lip of the blastopore) induces neuronal differentiation of the ectoderm Transplant of a dorsal blastopore gives rise to a new body axis. Therefore the dorsal lip of the blastopore organize the formation of a new body axis. This structure has received the named of Spemann organizer
7 even at the gastrula stage the head organizer is not an equipotential entity, but it is subdivided into specialized inductors although distinct boundaries between then do not seem to exist.holtfreter, 1939 Tissue in the dorsal lip of the blastopore contain multiple inducers: subdivision of the dorsal lip and transplant to another embryo give origin of either tails or head-like structures. Medial portion Lateral portion of DLB of DLB Generate head Generate tail structures
8 What chemical factors are involved in neuronal induction by the mesoderm? The use of a expression cloning system identified noggin as the first neuronal inducer Noggin Noggin is a 26 kd protein expressed in the dorsal lip of the blastopore during gastrulation (but not in the blastula stage) Noggin cdna injection into UV treated embryos result in normal development of the nervous system
9 Follistatin signaling has been identifies as another important pathway of neuronal induction During development follistatin binds to and inhibits activin (a TGF-β-like molecule) Follistatin is expressed in the organizer region of the embryo during gastrulation
10 Overexpression of a truncated form of the activin receptor result in differentiation of animal cap cells into neurons without any neuronal inducing molecule Misexpression of follistatin causes the formation of a secondary axis These experiments lead to the idea that neuronal induction by the mesoderm may involve inhibition by activin receptors
11 Neuronal differentiation of ectoderm in actively inhibited by cell-cell interactions Dissociation of animal caps cells causes most cells to become neurons, whereas cells maintained as aggregates develop as epidermal cells So it appears that the ectoderm is actively inhibited from becoming neuronal tissue
12 Adding BMP4 Blocks dissociated cells from becoming neural tissue
13 What chemical factors are involved in neuronal induction? The idea that the ectoderm is actively inhibited from differentiating into neuronal tissue was further proved with the discovery of chordin Chordin overexpression cause generation of a secondary axis similar to transplanting a Spemann organizer into another embryo
14 How does chordin induce neuronal differentiation? Studies in Drosophila indicate that the chordin-like protein sog bindings to the TGF-β-like receptor dpp related to the vertebrate genes bone-morphogenic proteins, BMP-2 and BMP-4 Sog and Dpp antagonize each other in Drosophila Fly Frog Sog = Chordin Dpp = BMP-4 Overexpression of sog (ie, chordin) stimulate neuronal differentiation. Injection of BMP-4 inhibits neuronal differentiation.
15 The antagonistic action of sog and dpp lead to the idea that neuronal inducers (noggin, follistatin, chordin) stimulate neuronal differentiation by inhibiting BMP-4 signaling
16 Overexpression of BMP-4 inhibits neuronal differentiation of animal caps treated with noggin, chordin, or follistatin Antisense BMP-4 RNA causes neuronal differentiation without any any neuronal inducing molecule
17 Multiple Inducers Selectively Promote Different Regions of the Nervous System The Spemann's organizer secretes many proteins that bind to different growth factors in the extracellular space. Each one blocks the signaling through their cognate receptors Antagonist Ligands
18 Mesodermal Induction in Vertebrates Experiment in zebra fish have confirmed that in vertebrates formation of the neural tube requires inhibition of BMP signal
19
20 Gene Interactions Ectoderm cells start out fairly similar Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) cause them to form skin and bone BMP inhibitors cause them to form neurons instead Examples Chordin and Noggin
21 Cell-cell Interactions Control Neuroblast Segregation The noggin, chordin, follistatin molecules only determine the generation of a neurogenic region in the embryo The process of neurobalst formation (ie, neuronal precursors) has been studied in Drosophila where delamination results in the formation of precursor neuronal tissue
22 Delamination and Formation of Ganglion Mother Cells in Drosophila First division of neuroblast cells generate a ganglion mother cell (GMC) Each GMC generates one pair of neurons (or glial cells)
23 Does neuroblast formation require interaction among neighboring cells? Laser ablation of a delaminating cell causes another cells to delaminate This lead to the idea that lateral inhibition maybe responsible for the neuroblast formation in Drosophila It was found that a family of transcription factors are required for this process to occur
24 Lateral Inhibition Ectodermal cells are actively inhibited from becoming neuronal cells If they are physically separated Or if they do not receive inhibition signal then they will become neuronal cells
25 In Drosophila, segregation of neuroblast from epidermal cells requires the expression of bhlh transcription factors (basic-helixloop-helix transcription factors) bhlh transcription factors activate transcription by binding to specific DNA sites called E- boxes (CANNTG) In Drosophila, the achaete scute family of transcription factors (ACS) is required for proper development of neuroblasts. Because their role in neuroblasts formation these genes are called proneural genes This family of genes were identified for their effect on the development of the fly s bristles
26 How does the process of lateral inhibition works? Some ectodermal cells express ACS proneural genes ACS expression increases in one of the cells in the center of the cluster Lateral inhibition blocks proneural genes in neighboring cells
27 Proneural Genes Achaete scute (ACS) Transcription factors Induce neuronal development Once one cell begins expressing ACS, surrounding cells are laterally inhibited
28 Lateral Inhibition Requires the Delta-Notch System Delta is the endogenous ligand for the Notch receptor (a large transmembrane protein) Low Notch activity induces neuroblast formation. Thus, in Notch mutants most of the cells in the neurogenic region become neuroblasts Y Delta Notch Delta mutants undergo change in same direction
29 The Delta-Notch Signaling Cleavage of the Notch receptor after binding to Delta allows for the diffusion of the Notch tail to the nucleus and regulation of transcription During development interactions between Delta and Notch induce molecular differences between neighboring cells
30 Lateral Inhibition Requires the Delta-Notch System Cells within the proneural cluster express high levels of ASC as well as Delta If by chance one cell express higher levels of ACS, this cell will express higher levels of Delta Ectodermal cell
31 Notch Activation Results in Cells Adopting an Epidermal Fate Upregulation of Delta expression in the central cell will activate Notch in surrounding cells This will lead to release of the SuH (supressor hairless) from Notch SuH translocate to the nucleus where it suppresses neuronal gene expression (ie, ASC) Ectodermal cell
32 Notch Activation Results in Cells Adopting an Epidermal Fate SuH inhibits neuronal gene expression by regulating the expression of another set of bhlh proteins called enhancer of split complex (Espl) Ectodermal cell E-spl act as repressors of transcription (notice that ASC genes are transcriptional activators) E-spl proteins act as repressors of transcription by binding to the E-boxes in the ASC promoter
33 Tight Control Delta/Notch and SuH block neuronal differentiation in surrounding cells This is how lateral inhibition is controlled ACS is proneural transcription factor SuH is inhibiting transcription factor
34 Vertebrate homologs of Drosophila ASC have been identified (Mash1, Cash1, Xash1, NeuroD) These genes act as transcriptional activators similar to ACS Overexpression of the bhlh gene NeuroD in frog embryos result in significant neuronal formation throughout the epidermis
35 Current Model: Default is epidermis Fly Delta Notch SuH ACS Vertebrates Wnt Frizzled Msx Sox
36 Necessary vs. Sufficient Necessary = must be present Sufficient = all that is needed BMP antagonism is necessary and sufficient to induce a cell to become a neuron Notch/Delta pathway is necessary and sufficient for inhibition of surrounding cells so that they do NOT become neurons
37 Necessary vs. Sufficient If you had no BMP antagonism what would the ectoderm look like? If you had only BMP antagonism what would the ectoderm look like? If you had only the Notch/Delta pathway? What if you have both BMP antagonism and the Notch/Delta pathway?
38 Any Questions? Read Chapter Two
Neural Development. How does a single cell make a brain??? How are different brain regions specified??? Neural Development
Neural Development How does a single cell make a brain??? How are different brain regions specified??? 1 Neural Development How do cells become neurons? Environmental factors Positional cues Genetic factors
More informationNeural Induction. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Neural Induction Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Coffee Hour (with Dr. Nakagawa) Friday, Sept 22 8:30-9:30am Surdyks Café in Northrop Auditorium Stop by for
More informationReadings. Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural. Neural Development. September 10, Bio 3411 Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural Development
Readings Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural NEUROSCIENCE: References : 5 th ed, pp 477-506 (sorta) 4 th ed, pp 545-575 (sorta) Fainsod, A., Steinbeisser, H., & De Robertis, E. M. (1994). EMBO J, 13(21),
More informationFertilization. Animal hemisphere. Sperm entry point
Fertilization Animal hemisphere Sperm entry point Establishes the dorsal/ventral axis Ventral side sperm entry Dorsal side gray crescent Organized by sperm centriole Cleavage Unequal radial holoblastic
More informationWe are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo.
We are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo. Hans Spemann, 1943 Reading from Chapter 3 - types of cell
More informationWe are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo.
We are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo. Hans Spemann, 1943 Reading from Chapter 3 - types of cell
More informationXenopus gastrulation. Dorsal-Ventral Patterning - The Spemann Organizer. Two mesoderm inducing signals
Dorsal- atterning - The Spemann Organizer Two mesoderm inducing signals late-blastula early-gastrula nimal Blood Mesothelium Not Vegetal NC Endoderm Hans Spemann (1869-1941) Hilde Mangold (1898-1924) Dr
More informationLecture 3 MOLECULAR REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT
Lecture 3 E. M. De Robertis, M.D., Ph.D. August 16, 2016 MOLECULAR REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT GROWTH FACTOR SIGNALING, HOX GENES, AND THE BODY PLAN Two questions: 1) How is dorsal-ventral (D-V) cell differentiation
More information+ + Development and Evolution Dorsoventral axis. Developmental Readout. Foundations. Stem cells. Organ formation.
Development and Evolution 7.72 9.11.06 Dorsoventral axis Human issues Organ formation Stem cells Developmental Readout Axes Growth control Axon guidance 3D structure Analysis Model + + organisms Foundations
More informationActivity 47.1 What common events occur in the early development of animals? 1. What key events occur at each stage of development?
Notes to Instructors Chapter 47 Animal Development What is the focus of this activity? Chapter 21 provided a review of how genes act to control development. Chapter 47 reviews some of the major morphological
More informationDevelopmental Zoology (ZOO ) Gatrulation
Developmental Zoology (ZOO 228.1.0) Gatrulation 1 Developmental Stages Ø Early Development Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Neurulation Ø Later Development Organogenesis Larval molts Metamorphosis Aging
More information7.22 Example Problems for Exam 1 The exam will be of this format. It will consist of 2-3 sets scenarios.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology 7.22, Fall 2005 - Developmental Biology Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor Martha Constantine-Paton 1 of 10 7.22 Fall 2005 sample exam
More informationMesoderm Formation. Fate map of early gastrula. Only two types of mesoderm are induced. Mesoderm induction by the vegetal hemisphere
Fate map of early gastrula Mesoderm Formation Animal hemisphere forms ectoderm (lacks ) Sperm Entry Point dbl dbl brachyury Vegetal hemisphere forms endoderm (requires ) dbl goosecoid Marginal zone forms
More information7.22 Final Exam points
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology 7.22, Fall 2005 - Developmental Biology Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor Martha Constantine-Paton 1 of 11 7.22 2004 FINAL FOR STUDY
More informationEarly Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians
Biology 4361 Early Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians October 25, 2006 Overview Cortical rotation Cleavage Gastrulation Determination the Organizer mesoderm induction Setting up the axes: dorsal/ventral
More informationMOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPEMANN S ORGANIZER AND NEURAL INDUCTION - Lecture 5
Eddy De Robertis Page 1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPEMANN S ORGANIZER AND NEURAL INDUCTION - Lecture 5 Having discussed the early events in mesoderm induction, we now turn to signaling events that take place
More informationRegulating Bone Growth and Development with Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Regulating Bone Growth and Development with Bone Morphogenetic Proteins PHOEBE S. LEBOY Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030,
More informationPatterning of the Brain
Patterning of the Brain Clemens.Kiecker@kcl.ac.uk IoPPN 27 Oct 2015 Hundreds of billions of cells, hundreds of cell types Egg = single cell, some 20,000 genes Egg = single cell, some 20,000 genes How is
More informationHemidesmosome. Focal adhesion
BIOLOGY 52 - - CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY - - FALL 2002 Third Examination - - November, 2002 -------------------------------------------------- Put your name at the top of each page. Please read each
More informationReproductive Biology and Endocrinology BioMed Central Review Smad signalling in the ovary Noora Kaivo-oja, Luke A Jeffery, Olli Ritvos and David G Mot
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology BioMed Central Review Smad signalling in the ovary Noora Kaivo-oja, Luke A Jeffery, Olli Ritvos and David G Mottershead* Open Access Address: Programme for Developmental
More informationCulture and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Hong-Lin Su Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University
Culture and differentiation of embryonic stem cells Hong-Lin Su Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University Topics-ES cell maintenance Establishment Culture condition, including the serum,
More informationCode No. : 8421 Sub. Code : HZOM 13
(6 pages) Reg. No. :... Sub. Code : HZOM 13 M.Sc. (CBCS) DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL 2014. First Semester Zoology DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (For those who joined in July 2012 onwards) Time : Three hours Maximum
More informationDeciphering Complexity in Biology: Induction of Embryonic Cell Differentiation by Morphogen Gradients
Complexity and Analogy in Science Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Acta 22, Vatican City 2014 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/acta22/acta22-derobertis.pdf Deciphering Complexity in Biology: Induction
More informationReading. Lecture III. Nervous System Embryology. Biology. Brain Diseases. September 5, Bio 3411 Lecture III. Nervous System Embryology
Reading NEUROSCIENCE: 5 th ed, pp. 477-506 NEUROSCIENCE: 4 th ed, pp. 545-575 Bio 3411 Wednesday 2 Summary from Lecture II Biology Understanding the brain is THE major question in biology and science.
More informationLIFE Formation III. Morphogenesis: building 3D structures START FUTURE. How-to 2 PROBLEMS FORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS.
7.013 4.6.07 Formation III Morphogenesis: building 3D structures VIRUSES CANCER HUMAN DISEASE START SYSTEMS BIOLOGY PROBLEMS FUTURE LIFE IMMUNE NERVOUS SYSTEMS How-to 1 FOUNDATIONS How-to 2 REC. DNA BIOCHEM
More informationLecture III. Nervous System Embryology
Bio 3411 Wednesday Reading NEUROSCIENCE: 5 th ed, pp. 477-506 NEUROSCIENCE: 4 th ed, pp. 545-575 2 1 Summary from Lecture II Biology Understanding the brain is THE major question in biology and science.
More informationReview Article On becoming neural: what the embryo can tell us about differentiating neural stem cells
Am J Stem Cells 2013;2(2):74-94 www.ajsc.us /ISSN:2160-4150/AJSC1303003 Review Article : what the embryo can tell us about differentiating neural stem cells Sally A Moody 1,3, Steven L Klein 1, Beverley
More informationLater Development. Caenorhabditis elegans. Later Processes 10/06/12. Cytoplasmic Determinants Fate Mapping & Cell Fate Limb Development
Later Development Cytoplasmic Determinants Fate Mapping & Cell Fate Limb Development Caenorhabditis elegans Nematoda 10,000 worms/petri dish in cultivation short life cycle (~ 3 days egg to egg) wild-type
More informationBlastula: An early staged embryo that is made up of sphere shaped cells that surround an inner fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel.
1) Define the following terms: cleavage, blastomere, blastula, blastulation, microlecithal, mesolecithal, megalecithal, centrolecithal, isolecithal, telolecithal, holoblastic cleavage, meroblastic cleavage,
More informationWhat s the most complex problem in biology?
Chapter 47. Development What s the most complex problem in biology? 1 The most complex problem How to get from here to there Development: cellular level Cell division Differentiation cells become specialized
More informationChapter 47. Development
Chapter 47. Development What s the most complex problem in biology? The most complex problem How to get from here to there Development: cellular level Cell division Differentiation cells become specialized
More informationNeural induction. Noggin Chordin Follistatin (Xnr3)
a bird s eye view Since the discovery of the phenomenon of neural induction by Spemann and Mangold in 94, considerable effort has been invested in identifying the signals produced by the organizer that
More informationExam 1 ID#: October 1, 2006
Biology 4361 Name: Exam 1 ID#: October 1, 2006 Multiple choice (one point each) 1. The formation of new structures in chick embryogenesis is an example of a. teratology. b. epigenesis. c. hybridization.
More informationWhy Study Developmental Neurobiology? Terrific scientific challenge.
Developmental Neurobiology Textbook Readings: ( Neuroscience, 3rd Edition, Purves, et al.) Chapter 1 Studying Nervous Systems 7 Intracellular Signal Transduction 21 Early Brain Development 22 Construction
More informationGENE EXPRESSSION. Promoter sequence where RNA polymerase binds. Operator sequence that acts as a switch (yellow) OPERON
GENE EXPRESSSION 1 GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES Bacteria can turn genes on or off depending on their environment Prokaryotes have operons clusters of related genes and regulatory sequences Promoter sequence
More informationanchor cell gonad Normal hypoderm = skin Normal hypoderm = skin Make vulva
BIOLOGY 52 - - CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY - - FALL 2002 Fourth Examination - - December 2002 Answer each question, noting carefully the instructions for each. Repeat- Please read the instructions for
More informationHD1 - Introduction to Human Development
Human Development Ed Laufer, PhD Course Director elaufer@columbia.edu Ping Feng Course Administrator pf2013@columbia.edu Michael Shen, PhD Patricia Ducy, PhD Michael Gershon, MD Cathy Mendelsohn, PhD Richard
More informationANAT2341 Embryology Introduction: Steve Palmer
ANAT2341 Embryology Introduction: Steve Palmer Course overview Course lecturers specializations and roles Steve Palmer 9385 2957 Course overview Summary, aims and expected outcomes Course overview Graduate
More informationDevelopmental Biology. Cell Fate, Potency, and Determination
Developmental Biology Cell Fate, Potency, and Determination Definitions Fate The sum of all structures that the cell or its descendants will form at a later stage of normal development. Cell Fate & Fate
More information7.06 Cell Biology EXAM #2 March 20, 2003
7.06 Cell Biology EXAM #2 March 20, 2003 This is an open book exam, and you are allowed access to books, a calculator, and notes but not computers or any other types of electronic devices. Please write
More informationSingle Molecule Fluorescence
Single Molecule Fluorescence Joseph Irudayaraj Founder Professor of Bioengineering Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory & Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign STED Lifetime imaging
More informationA two-step mechanism generates the spacing pattern of the ciliated cells in the skin of Xenopus embryos
Development 126, 4715-4728 (1999) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV4207 4715 A two-step mechanism generates the spacing pattern of the ciliated cells in the skin of Xenopus
More informationGene Expression: Transcription
Gene Expression: Transcription The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in two steps: Transcription = DNA RNA Translation = RNA protein Taken together, they make
More information1. 40 points Retinoic acid (structure below) is a small hydrophobic molecule that is derived from vitamin A. Figure by MIT OCW.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology 7.22, Fall 2005 - Developmental Biology Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor Martha Constantine-Paton 1 of 9 7.22 Fall 2005 exam 2 practice
More informationThe Mouse as a Model for Mammalian Development
BIOLOGY 205/SECTION 7 Lecture 10 DEVELOPMENT- LILJEGREN The Mouse as a Model for Mammalian Development Since we are mammals, our development is considered the system for which other organisms are "models".
More informationLecture 20: Drosophila melanogaster
Lecture 20: Drosophila melanogaster Model organisms Polytene chromosome Life cycle P elements and transformation Embryogenesis Read textbook: 732-744; Fig. 20.4; 20.10; 20.15-26 www.mhhe.com/hartwell3
More informationStem Cel s Key Words:
Stem Cells Key Words: Embryonic stem cells, Adult stem cells, ips cells, self-renewal, differentiation, pluripotent, multipotent, Inner cell mass, Nuclear transfer (Therapeutic cloning), Feeder cells,
More informationA Survey of Genetic Methods
IBS 8102 Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology A Survey of Genetic Methods January 24, 2008 DNA RNA Hybridization ** * radioactive probe reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RT PCR DNA
More informationExam 1 ID#: June 29, 2009
Biology 4361 Name: KEY Exam 1 ID#: June 29, 2009 Multiple choice (one point each; indicate the best answer) 1. According to von Baer s laws, developing embryos a. pass through the adult stages of lower
More informationUnderstanding embryonic head development. ANAT2341 Tennille Sibbritt Embryology Unit Children s Medical Research Institute
Understanding embryonic head development ANAT2341 Tennille Sibbritt Embryology Unit Children s Medical Research Institute Head malformations among the most common category of congenital malformations in
More informationXenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs
Development 126, 3347-3357 (1999) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV3918 3347 Xenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs Chenbei Chang and Ali Hemmati-Brivanlou*
More informationChapter 11. How Genes Are Controlled. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 11 How Genes Are Controlled PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and
More informationRNAs were transcribed from described expression conhibit a similar capacity to synergize with neural-inducing
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 172, 337 342 (1995) RAPID COMMUNICATION Specification of the Anteroposterior Neural Axis through Synergistic Interaction of the Wnt Signaling Cascade with noggin and follistatin L.
More informationConcentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer Smad1
Development 124, 3177-3184 (1997) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 DEV1180 3177 Concentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer
More informationChapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Gene Regulation Gene regulation refers to all aspects of controlling
More informationConservation and evolutionary divergence in the activity of receptor-regulated smads. Sorrentino et al.
Conservation and evolutionary divergence in the activity of receptor-regulated smads Sorrentino et al. Sorrentino et al. EvoDevo 2012, 3:22 Sorrentino et al. EvoDevo 2012, 3:22 RESEARCH Open Access Conservation
More informationANAT3231 Cell Biology: Development Dr. Steve Palmer
ANAT3231 Cell Biology: Development Dr. Steve Palmer Honours projects: 1. Characterizing genes involved in the neurocognitive/behavioural disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome 2. Identification of genes involved
More informationConcepts and Methods in Developmental Biology
Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Concepts and Methods in Developmental Biology June 16, 2009 Conceptual and Methodological Tools Concepts Genomic equivalence Differential gene expression Differentiation/de-differentiation
More informationAssignment 11. Which of the following is true of the gray crescent region of frog eggs?
Assignment 11 1. Multiple-choice (1 point) Which of the following is true of the gray crescent region of frog eggs? It contains mainly yolk. It may be seen in an unfertilized egg. Its content is usually
More informationThe Genetic Basis of Development
Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development Overview: From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism The application of genetic analysis and DNA technology Has revolutionized the study of development PowerPoint
More informationName AP Biology Mrs. Laux Take home test #11 on Chapters 14, 15, and 17 DUE: MONDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2009
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Inducible genes are usually actively transcribed when: A. the molecule degraded by the enzyme(s) is present in the cell. B. repressor molecules bind to the promoter. C. lactose
More informationDifferentiation. Ahmed Ihab Abdelaziz MD, PhD Associate Prof. Of Molecular Medicine NewGiza University (NGU)
Differentiation Ahmed Ihab Abdelaziz MD, PhD Associate Prof. Of Molecular Medicine NewGiza University (NGU) 1 Developmental Genetics Objectives: Explain how a differentiated cell achieves and maintains
More informationDorsal-Ventral Patterning and Gene Regulation in the Early Embryo of Drosophila melanogaster
Dorsal-Ventral Patterning and Gene Regulation in the Early Embryo of Drosophila melanogaster Thesis by Mayra Garcia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy California
More informationDevelopmental Biology 3230 Exam 1 (Feb. 6) NAME
DevelopmentalBiology3230Exam1(Feb.6)NAME 1. (10pts) What is a Fate Map? How would you experimentally acquire the data to draw a Fate Map? Explain what a Fate Map does and does not tell you about the mechanisms
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Lu et al. 10.1073/pnas.1106801108 Fig. S1. Analysis of spatial localization of mrnas coding for 23 zebrafish Wnt genes by whole mount in situ hybridization to identify those present
More informationCell Lineage in the Development of the Leech Nervous System
Cell Lineage in the Development of the Leech Nervous System DAVID A. WEISBLAT Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (U.S.A) INTRODUCTION Knowledge of the lines of
More informationNeural induction in Xenopus requires inhibition of Wnt-β-catenin signaling
Developmental Biology 298 (2006) 71 86 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio Neural induction in Xenopus requires inhibition of Wnt-β-catenin signaling Elizabeth Heeg-Truesdell a, Carole LaBonne a,b, a Department
More informationMesodermal repression of single-minded in Drosophila embryo is mediated by a cluster of Snail-binding sites proximal to the early promoter
BMB Reports Mesodermal repression of single-minded in Drosophila embryo is mediated by a cluster of Snail-binding sites proximal to the early promoter Kye Won Park 1 & Joung-Woo Hong 2, * 1 Department
More informationNPTEL Biotechnology Tissue Engineering. Stem cells
Stem cells S. Swaminathan Director Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc
More informationGrowth factor delivery
Growth factor delivery S. Swaminathan Director Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu Joint Initiative of IITs
More informationDrosophia practical session 1
Drosophia practical session 1 Introduction to the adult ovary and midgut, and their highly active stem cells oviduct uterus Ovary midgut Goals: 1. Isolate two major Drosophila stem cell based tissues 2.
More informationThe competence of Xenopus blastomeres to produce neural and retinal progeny is repressed by two endo-mesoderm promoting pathways
Developmental Biology 305 (2007) 103 119 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio The competence of Xenopus blastomeres to produce neural and retinal progeny is repressed by two endo-mesoderm promoting pathways Bo
More informationProf. Fahd M. Nasr. Faculty of Sciences Lebanese University Beirut, Lebanon.
Prof. Fahd M. Nasr Faculty of Sciences Lebanese University Beirut, Lebanon https://yeastwonderfulworld.wordpress.com/ Biol328 - B3212 Molecular Biotechnology Partial Exam Question I Explain the procedure
More informationPractice Questions for Dr. Welch, Final Fall 2014
1) Hans Spemann discovered the organizer by transplanting the dorsal lip of one embryo onto the ventral side of a second embryo. The second embryo developed as and Spemann concluded that. A. two embryos
More informationScaling of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning by Embryo Size-Dependent Degradation of Spemann s Organizer Signals
Scaling of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning by Embryo Size-Dependent Degradation of Spemann s Organizer Signals Hidehiko Inomata, 1,3, * Tatsuo Shibata, 2 Tomoko Haraguchi, 1 and Yoshiki Sasai 1, * 1 Organogenesis
More informationLecture 20: Drosophila embryogenesis
Lecture 20: Drosophila embryogenesis Mitotic recombination/clonal analyses Embrygenesis Four classes of genes: Maternal genes Gap genes Pair-rule genes Segment polarity genes Homeotic genes Read 140-141;
More informationa) Stock 4: 126 flies total: 120 are P[w+]: 64 are CyO; 56 are TM3; all are females. 132 are w-: 68 are CyO; 64 are TM3; all are males.
Drosophila Problem Set 2012 1) You have created P element transformants of a construct that contains the mini-white gene, which confers an orange eye color in a homozygous white mutant background. For
More informationTrasposable elements: Uses of P elements Problem set B at the end
Trasposable elements: Uses of P elements Problem set B at the end P-elements have revolutionized the way Drosophila geneticists conduct their research. Here, we will discuss just a few of the approaches
More informationNotch Signaling Pathway Notch CSL Reporter HEK293 Cell line Catalog #: 60652
Notch Signaling Pathway Notch CSL Reporter HEK293 Cell line Catalog #: 60652 Background The Notch signaling pathway controls cell fate decisions in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. Notch signaling
More informationCloning, chromosome localization and features of a novel human gene, MATH2
Indian Academy of Sciences Cloning, chromosome localization and features of a novel human gene, MATH2 LINGCHEN GUO 1, MIN JIANG 1, YUSHU MA 1, HAIPENG CHENG 1, XIAOHUA NI 1, YANGSHENG JIN 2, YI XIE 1 *
More informationThe Aquila Digital Community. The University of Southern Mississippi. Joseph D. Saucier
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College 5-2013 Drosophila T-Box Transcription Factor Midline Functions in the Notch-Delta Signaling Pathway to Regulate
More informationC) Segment 1 would denature at a lower temperature than segment 2 D) Segment 2 would denature at a lower temperature than segment 1
Bio 93 2013 Final: 1. Which option best describes transformation in bacteria? A) the ability to be lethal to mice or other animals B) the ability to mutate its DNA sequences to adapt to a new environment
More informationa) Stock 4: 252 flies total: 120 are P[w+]: 64 are CyO; 56 are TM3; all are females. 132 are w-: 68 are CyO; 64 are TM3; all are males.
Drosophila Problem Set 2018 1) You have created P element transformants of a construct that contains the mini-white gene, which confers an orange eye color in a homozygous white mutant background. For
More informationRNAi minilecture and Using Genetics to Explore Complex Biological Processes
RNAi minilecture and Using Genetics to Explore Complex Biological Processes 2 American Worm People Win Nobel for RNA Work New York Times Oct. 2, 2006 The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was
More informationAnimal Development Regulation of gene expression
Animal Development Regulation of gene expression Prof. Ilan Davis, Department of Biochemistry. Wellcome Trust Research Senior Fellow Senior Research Fellow, Jesus College ilan.davis@bioch.ox.ac.uk http://www.ilandavis.com
More informationEngineered In vitro models of post-implantation human development to elucidate mechanisms of self-organized fate specification during embryogenesis
Engineered In vitro models of post-implantation human development to elucidate mechanisms of self-organized fate specification during embryogenesis by Mukul Tewary A thesis submitted in conformity with
More informationSundari Chetty, Felicia Walton Pagliuca, Christian Honore, Anastasie Kweudjeu, Alireza Rezania, and Douglas A. Melton
A simple tool to improve pluripotent stem cell differentiation Sundari Chetty, Felicia Walton Pagliuca, Christian Honore, Anastasie Kweudjeu, Alireza Rezania, and Douglas A. Melton Supplementary Information
More informationResearch Article The Morphogenic Mapping of the Brain and the Design of the Nervous System
International Journal of Brain Science, Article ID 424718, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/424718 Research Article The Morphogenic Mapping of the Brain and the Design of the Nervous System Peter
More informationCellular signal transduction II. TGF-ß, the growth factor which inhibits growth?
Cellular signal transduction II TGF-ß, the growth factor which inhibits growth? Transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) Growth factor Stimulation of adhesion independent cell proliferation by tumor cells
More informationRegulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering by ADF/Cofilin- Directed Vesicular Trafficking
Regulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering by ADF/Cofilin- Directed Vesicular Trafficking Chi Wai Lee, Jianzhong Han, James R. Bamburg, Liang Han, Rachel Lynn, and James Q. Zheng Supplementary Figures
More informationProcessing of the Drosophila Sog protein creates a novel BMP inhibitory activity
Development 127, 2143-2154 (2000) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV9708 2143 Processing of the Drosophila Sog protein creates a novel BMP inhibitory activity Kweon Yu
More information7.013 Practice Quiz
MIT Department of Biology 7.013: Introductory Biology - Spring 2005 Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor Tyler Jacks, Dr. Claudette Gardel 7.013 Practice Quiz 2 2004 1 Question 1 A. The primer
More information2. Outline the levels of DNA packing in the eukaryotic nucleus below next to the diagram provided.
AP Biology Reading Packet 6- Molecular Genetics Part 2 Name Chapter 19: Eukaryotic Genomes 1. Define the following terms: a. Euchromatin b. Heterochromatin c. Nucleosome 2. Outline the levels of DNA packing
More informationDrosophila. Two different activities of Suppressor of Hairless during wing development in
Development 127, 3553-3566 (2000) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV1553 3553 Two different activities of Suppressor of Hairless during wing development in Drosophila Thomas
More informationStatement of Research E. M. De Robertis. From the renewal of an HHMI Investigatorship (October 2009) Molecular Mechanisms of Embryonic Self-regulation
Statement of Research E. M. De Robertis From the renewal of an HHMI Investigatorship (October 2009) Molecular Mechanisms of Embryonic Self-regulation During the period under review, we discovered a biochemical
More informationInduction of Hair Growth by Fibroblast-Secreted WNTs. Gail Naughton and Frank Zeigler Histogen, Inc.
Induction of Hair Growth by Fibroblast-Secreted WNTs Gail Naughton and Frank Zeigler Histogen, Inc. Fibroblast Secreted Factors Formed during tissue-engineering manufacturing process by primary human foreskin
More informationInduction and patterning of the telencephalon in Xenopus laevis
Development 129, 5421-5436 (2002) 2002 The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/dev.00095 5421 Induction and patterning of the telencephalon in Xenopus laevis Giuseppe Lupo 1,2, William A. Harris 2, Giuseppina
More informationBiology 225, Human Physiology. Spring 2014 Dr. Russell
Biology 225, Human Physiology Spring 2014 Dr. Russell Biology 225, important websites My faculty website: http://faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/grussell Mastering A&P: http://www.masteringaandp.com Blackboard
More informationExam 1 ID#: June 23, Multiple choice (one point each; indicate the best answer)
Biology 4361 Name: KEY Exam 1 ID#: June 23, 2008 Multiple choice (one point each; indicate the best answer) 1. Which of the following agrees with von Baer s laws: a. The embryos of mammalian species resemble
More informationTRANSGENIC ANIMALS. -transient transfection of cells -stable transfection of cells. - Two methods to produce transgenic animals:
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS -transient transfection of cells -stable transfection of cells - Two methods to produce transgenic animals: 1- DNA microinjection - random insertion 2- embryonic stem cell-mediated gene
More information