Cefazolin in the Treatment of Acute Enteric Fever

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Cefazolin in the Treatment of Acute Enteric Fever"

Transcription

1 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, JUIY 1976, p Copyright American Society for Microbiology Vol. 10, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Cefazolin in the Treatment of Acute Enteric Fever MARWAN UWAYDAH' Departments of Medicine and Bacteriology and Virology, American University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon Received for publication 11 November 1975 Cefazolin was used in the treatment of nine patients with acute enteric fever proven by positive blood cultures. In seven patients the causative organism was Salmonella typhi and in two it was Salmonella paratyphi B. Minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of cefazolin against the nine isolates ranged between 1.95 and 3.90,g/ml. Cefazolin was administered either intramuscularly or intravenously in a daily dose of 3 to 6 g for 11 to 16 days. The mean peak serum antibiotic concentration after a 0.5-g intravenous injection was 64.4,mg/ml, and the mean trough concentration, 3 h later, was 12.7,ug/ml. The highest serum inhibitory dilution at peak level was frequently 1/e4, and at trough level it was 1/16 to 1/32. The acute infection was satisfactorily controlled in all patients. Phlebitis, complicating intravenous therapy, in five out of eight patients, was the only side effect observed. Relapse oftyphoid fever, as documented by positive blood culture, occurred in one patient 11 days after treatment course was completed. More extensive clinical studies are required before drawing any conclusions regarding the efficacy of cefazolin in acute enteric fever. Interest in the antimicrobial therapy of acute enteric fever has been revived after the occurrence of outbreaks caused by chloramphenicolresistant Salmonella typhi in Mexico, the United States, and other parts of the world (1, 4, 11). Only two additional antimicrobial agents, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, are generally considered useful in the treatment of this infection (8, 17). Recently, Pillay et al. claimed amoxycillin to be another alternative therapeutic agent (12). Some of the chloramphenicolresistant S. typhi isolates were also found to be resistant to ampicillin and sulfonamides (1, 11), and it is uncertain whether cotrimoxazole will prove effective in infections caused by organisms highly resistant to sulfonamides. It is a well-recognized, yet poorly understood, fact that not all antimicrobial agents active in vitro against S. typhi or S. paratyphi are necessarily effective in the treatment of the clinical disease (5, 8). This lack of correlation between the results of the in vitro and the in vivo studies may have been related to a number of factors, including the patterns of serum antibacterial activity achieved with the dosage regimens used. The possibility that inadequate serum antibiotic concentration was an important cause of the relatively high incidence of treatment failures reported with oral, but not parenteral, ampicillin therapy has not been alto- ' Address reprint requests to: Dr. Marwan Uwaydah, c/o Dr. Morton Swartz, Chief, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA gether excluded (9, 11, 14). These issues and their practical implications have been discussed previously (16). Cefazolin, when compared with other cephalosporin antibiotics, has been demonstrated to yield significantly higher and better sustained blood levels after either intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) administration (10). Preliminary in vitro studies conducted in this laboratory have shown that the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of this antibiotic against eleven locally isolated strains of chloramphenicol and ampicillin-susceptible S. typhi and S. paratyphi B ranged between 0.80 and 3.12,Ag/ ml, suggesting that very high serum antibacterial activity against salmonellae may be expected in patients receiving the recommended antibiotic dosage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cefazolin in the treatment of acute enteric fever, as monitored by serum antibiotic level and serum inhibitory activity determinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Only patients with acute enteric fever, proven by positive blood cultures, were selected for this study. Blood for culture was collected in tryptose phosphate broth (BBL), and bottles were incubated at 37 C. Rectal swabs were streaked on salmonella-shigella (BBL) and MacConkey agar (Difco) plates and were inoculated in Selenite cystine broth (BBL). Final identification of Salmonella was based on carbohydrate fermentation patterns and slide agglutination tests, according to standard procedures (6). Suscep- 52

2 VOL. 10, 1976 tibility of isolates to cefazolin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk agar diffusion technique (3) and by the serial twofold dilution technique in Mueller-Hinton broth (BBL) (7), using as an inoculum a 10-4 dilution of overnight broth culture (final concentration, approximately 105 organisms/ml). After overnight incubation, the lowest antibiotic concentration inhibiting visible growth was recorded as the MIC value. All clear tubes were subcultured on Mac- Conkey agar plates using a 0.01-ml calibrated loop. The lowest concentration from which no more than one colony grew was considered as the minimal bactericidal concentration. Cefazolin (Kefzol, Eli Lilly & Co.) was administered either i.v. or i.m. in a daily dose of 3 to 6 g. Treatment was continued for 11 to 16 days, and patients were examined daily for evaluation of their clinical response. Blood cultures were obtained from all patients 6 and 24 h after initiating antibiotic therapy and whenever indicated thereafter. Blood samples were obtained from every patient on two or three different occasions during treatment for determining serum cefazolin concentrations and serum antibacterial activity against the infecting organism. On every occasion, two blood samples were collected to detect peak levels (10 to 15 min after the i.v. dose and 60 min after the i.m. dose) and trough levels (just before the next dose). Assay of cefazolin concentrations was performed by the two-layer cylinder-plate method using antibiotic medium 5 (Difco) after adjusting its ph to 6.0. A Bacillus 8ubtili8 spore suspension (Difco) served as the test organism. Serum antibacterial activity was determined by the twofold dilution technique (2). For comparative purposes, both pooled normal human serum and Mueller-Hinton broth (BBL) were used as diluents. The inoculum was a 1O-4 dilution of an overnight broth culture (final concentration, approximately 105 organisms/ml). After overnight incubation, the highest serum dilution inhibiting visible growth was recorded. Clear tubes were subcultured on MacConkey agar plates using a 0.01-ml calibrated loop. The highest dilution from which no more than one colony grew was regarded as the highest bactericidal dilution. Other laboratory tests done on every patient before, during, and after the treatment course included urinalysis, complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. In addition, serum electrolyte and liver function tests were done whenever indicated. RESULTS Patients. Nine patients, five females and four males, ranging in age between 15 and 32 years, were selected for this trial. All presented with the classic clinical picture of acute enteric fever. The duration of the febrile illness prior to initiating antibiotic therapy varied between 4 and 12 days, and the peak temperatures ranged between 39.7 and 41.0 C. Pretreatment blood cultures from seven patients grew S. typhi, and from the other two S. paratyphi B grew. Serum CEFAZOLIN FOR TREATING ACUTE ENTERIC FEVER 53 creatinine values were normal in all subjects. Leukocyte counts were either normal or low, consistent with the diagnosis of acute enteric fever. None of the patients showed evidence of intestinal hemorrhage or perforation. In vitro susceptibility tests. All Salmonella isolates recovered from the nine patients proved to be susceptible to cefazolin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. The results of inhibition zone sizes, together with MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration values of the three antibiotics against the nine isolates, are given in Table 1. It is clear that the inhibitory concentrations are readily achievable in sera of patients receiving the regularly recommended dosages of any of the three antibiotics. In contrast to the bacteriostatic effect of chloramphenicol, the bactericidal effects of cefazolin and ampicillin were demonstrated by MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration values that were essentially identical. Treatment regimens. In eight patients, cefazolin was administered initially by the i.v. route. In four patients this was continued until treatment was completed, but in the rest the occurrence of severe pain necessitated a change to the i.m. route 8 to 14 days after starting therapy. One patient received the antibiotic i.m. throughout the entire treatment course. Probenicid was given to one patient (number 8) in a dose of 0.5 g every 6 h, starting on day 6 of cefazolin therapy. The details of the antibiotic regimens are summarized in Table 2. Serum cefazolin concentrations and serum antibacterial activity. Serum peak and trough cefazolin concentrations and highest serum bacteriostatic and bactericidal dilutions are outlined in Table 2. The mean peak serum cefazolin concentration after a 0.5-g i.v. injection was 64.4,ug/ml and the mean trough concentration, 3 h later, was 12.7 ug/ml. Thus, serum antibiotic concentration was continuously maintained well above the MIC value against the infecting organism. This was also confirmed by the results of serum inhibitory activity determinations. The serum inhibitory dilution (static effect) at peak level was frequently 1/64, and at trough level it was either 1/16 or 1/ 32. Serum antibacterial activity was more pronounced when the samples were diluted in pooled normal serum rather than in broth. This may be attributed to the nonspecific inhibitory factors present in normal serum, which itself produced bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in a dilution of 1/4 (in broth). The mean serum cefazolin concentration after a 1.0-g i.v. dose was about twice that obtained with a 0.5-g dose. The only exception was encountered in the first

3 54 UWAYDAH ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHZMOTHZR. TABLz 1. Susceptibility of seven S. typhi and two S. paratyphi B isolates to cefazolin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol as determined by disk agar and broth dilution techniques Cefazolin AmpicillUn Chloramphenicol Pa- Zone Zone Zone tient Organism size MIC MBCa size MIC MBC size MIC MBCb tient(mm; (,ug/ (Agl (mm; (Ag/ (/g/ (mm; (^gg (ILgg 30-,ug ml) ml) 1O-;sg ml) ml) 30-;Lg ml) ml) disk) disk) disk) 1 S. typhi S. typhi S. typhi S. paratyphi B S. typhi S. typhi S. typhi S. paratyphi B S. typhi a MBC, Minimal bactericidal concentration. b Values may represent concentrations required to carry over enough chloramphenicol in the inoculum to the plate to inhibit growth thereon, and thus they do not necessarily indicate true "bactericidal" activity. TABLz: 2. Dosage regimen, peak and trough serum antibiotic concentrations, and serum antibacterial activity determinations in nine enteric fever patients treated with cefazolin Serum antibacterial activity (reciprocal) Cefazolin se- Pa- Treat- rum concn (jlg/ Diluent-broth Diluent-normal serum en ~~~~ Peak Trough Peak Trough tient Dosage regimen ment ml) ~~~~~day Peak Trough Static Cidal Static Cidal Static Cidal Static Cidal g i.v. every 3 h for days; then 0.5 g i.m every 6 h for 2 days g i.v. every 3 h for days; then 0.5 g i.m every 6 h for 1 day g i.v. every 3 h for days; then 0.5 g i.m every 6 h for 4 days g i.v. every 3 h for days; then 1.0 g i.v. ev ery 4 h for 4 days g i.v. every 4 h for days g i.v. every 4 h for days; then 1.0 g i.m every 6 h for 4 days g i.v. every 4 h for days g i.v. every 4 h for days 7a lla g i.m. every 4 h for days a Patient was receiving 0.5 g of probenicid by mouth every 6 h. sample from patient 7. Trough antibiotic con- biotic concentration and inhibitory activity (pacentrations 4 h after injection varied widely, tient 8, samples 2 and 3). but adequate inhibitory activity was main- Response to therapy and post-treatment tained. Administration of probenicid resulted follow-up. The acute infection was satisfactoin substantially increased trough serum anti- rily controlled in all nine patients. Details per-

4 VOL. 10, 1976 taining to clinical illness and response to therapy are outlined in Table 3. Definite subjective improvement was consistently observed within 2 to 3 days of antibiotic treatment. All blood cultures taken 6 and 24 h after beginning therapy remained sterile. The first drop in rectal temperature to 37.9 C or less occurred within 2 to 8 days, with a mean interval of 4.3 days. Three patients who did not develop frank evidence of phlebitis at the i.v. injection site and ofie patient who received the antibiotic by the i.m. route alone remained completely afebrile after 3 to 11 days of treatment, with a mean interval of 6.5 days. The other patients continued to have irregular spikes of fever which persisted until phlebitis subsided, indicating that this was probably the cause, particularly since all systemic symptoms related to the typhoidal illness were absent and repeated blood cultures were negative. No other side effects of cefazolin were noted. After discontinuation of treatment, all patients were followed-up for a period of 5 to 8 weeks. Relapse of typhoid fever, as documented by positive blood culture, occurred in one patient (number 1) 11 days after the treatment course was completed. The relapse was successfully controlled with cotrimoxazole. There was no change in the in vitro susceptibility pattern of the S. typhi isolated during the relapse as compared to that recovered previously. The other patients remained afebrile and asymptomatic. Rectal swabs for stool cultures were obtained on single occasions from seven patients 2 to 3 weeks after treatment was completed, and all were negative for salmonellae. DISCUSSION Of the several cephalosporin antibiotics available for clinical use, none had been shown CEFAZOLIN FOR TREATING ACUTE ENTERIC FEVER to be of therapeutic value in enteric fever. The results of this preliminary study indicate that cefazolin is effective in controlling the infection, since all nine patients studied responded satisfactorily to this antibiotic. Only one patient showed a relapse within the follow-up period of 5 to 8 weeks. Phlebitis complicating i.v. therapy in five out of eight patients was the only untoward effect observed. This precluded the use of the temperature curve as a reliable index for evaluating treatment response. The reasons for the superior efficacy of chloramphenicol over other antimicrobial agents in the treatment of enteric fever have not been elucidated. A noticeable characteristic of this antibiotic is its prolonged serum half-life, so that dosage administration every 6 to 8 h results in its accumulation (15). This might suggest that well-sustained serum antibacterial activity is advantageous for satisfactory control of the typhoidal infection. Studies conducted in this laboratory on typhoid patients receiving chloramphenicol in a dose of 750 mg by mouth every 6 h revealed that the peak inhibitory serum dilution was 1/16 to 1/32 and the trough inhibitory dilution was 1/8 to 1/16. These results are similar to the data obtained with cefazolin reported in this study, although the peak inhibitory activity produced by cefazolin was frequently higher. The relative efficacy of cefazolin in acute enteric fever and specific recommendations regarding its optimal dosage regimen should await more extensive studies that would consider, among other parameters, the incidence of the chronic carrier state after acute infection. In this respect, cefazolin offers the advantage of reaching bile in very high concentrations (13). Possibly, the high frequency and severity of troublesome phlebitis complicating treatment vv TABLE 3. Clinical and bacteriological responses in nine enteric fever patients treated with cefazolin D Duration of Duration of Duration of Duration treatment treatment treatment Blood cultures ob- Pa- Age Sex of illness before sub- before first before com- tained after start- Phlebitis tient (yr) treatment jective im- tal temp to plete defer- ing treatment (all C o escence negative) trm(den) provement val (ays) noted (days) 37.9 Cor less v(days) (dys) 1 32 M h, days Present 2 17 M h, days Absent 3 15 F h, day 2 Absent 4 20 F h, days Present 5 15 F h, day 2 Present 6 17 M h, days Present 7 20 M h, day 2 Absent 8 29 F h, days Present 9 15 F h, days (Cefazolin admin- I I istered i.m.)

5 56 UWAYDAH may be reduced by using different methods of parenteral administration. The value of probenicid in maintaining high trough serum antibacterial activity should be weighed against the possible side effects of this drug. Determinations of serum antibiotic concentration and serum antibacterial activity should reveal useful information for monitoring therapy. The procedure for determining serum inhibitory activity requires better standardization in respect to technical details and interpretation of static and cidal end points (2). If this could be established, the test may serve to lay down general guidelines for predicting whether an antimicrobial agent is likely to be effective in enteric fever and in what dosage regimen it should be used, as indicated by the MIC value against the infecting organism and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug in question. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Shak6 Albarian for exellent technical assistance. Cefazolin (Kefzol) used in this study was supplied by Eli Lilly & Co., Beirut, Lebanon. LITERATURE CITED 1. Anderson, E. S., and H. R. Smith Chloramphenicol resistance in the typhoid bacillus. Br. Med. J. 3: Barry, A. L., and L D. Sabath Special tests: bactericidal activity and activity of antimicrobics in combination, p In E. H. Lennette, E. H. Spaulding, and J. P. Truant (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 3. Bauer, A. W., W. M. M. Kirby, J. L. Sherris, and M. Turek Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standaized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45: Butler, T., N. N. Linh, K. Arnold, and M. Pollack Chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever in ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHEMOTHER. Vietnam associated with R factor. Lancet 2: Dawkins, A. T., Jr., and R. B. Honick Evaluation of antibiotics in a typhiod model, p Antimicrob. Agents Chemother Edwards, P. R., and W. H. Ewing Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 3rd ed. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis. 7. Ericson, H. M., and J. C. Sherris Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Report of an international collaborative study. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl. 217: Garrod, L. P., H. P. Lambert, and F. O'Grady Antibiotic and chemotherapy, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. 9. Kaye, D., H. Rocha, L. Eyckmans, A. Prata, and E. W. Hook Comparison of parenteral ampicillin and parenteral chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid fever. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 145: Kirby, W. M. M., and C. Reganey. Pharmacokinetics ofcefazolin compared with four other cephalosporins. J. Infect. Dis. 128(Suppl.):S341-S Overturf, G., K. I. Marton, and A. W. Mathies, Jr Antibiotic resistance in typhoid fever. chloramphenicol resistance among clinical isolates of SalmoneUa typhowa in Los Angeles, Epidemiologic and bacteriologic characteristics. N. Engl. J. Med. 289: Pillay, N., E. B. Aams, and D. North-Coombes Comparative trial of amoxycillin and chloramphenicol in treatment of typhoid fever in adults. Lancet 2: Ram, M. D., and S. Watanatittan Levels of cefazolin in human bile. J. Infect. Dis. 123(Suppl.):S361- S Robertson, R. P., M. F. Abdel-Wahab, and F. 0. Raach Evaluation of chloramphenicol and ampicillin in salmonella enteric fever. N. Engl. J. Med. 278: Snyder, M. J., and T. E. Woodward The clinical use of chloramphenicol. Med. Clin. North Am. 54: Uwaydah, M Choice of antimicrobial agents in enteric fever. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1: Uwaydah, M., R. Matosian, and M. Balabanian Cotrimoxazole compared to chloramphenicol in the treatment of enteric fever. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 7:

Susceptibility Tests

Susceptibility Tests JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1982, p. 213-217 Vol. 16, No. 2 0095-1137/82/080213-05$02.00/0 In Vitro Studies with Cefotaxime: Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests SMITH SHADOMY* AND EDWARD L.

More information

Factors Influencing Detection of Tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus

Factors Influencing Detection of Tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Sept. 1982, p. 364-368 Vol. 22, No. 3 0066-4804/82/090364-0$02.00/0 Copyright 1982, American Society for Microbiology Factors Influencing Detection of Tolerance in

More information

ABC. Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline. Volume 19 Number 18

ABC. Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline. Volume 19 Number 18 M26-A ISBN 1-56238-384-1 September 1999 ISSN 0273-3099 Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline Volume 19 Number 18 Arthur L. Barry, Ph.D. William A. Craig,

More information

Stability of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics in

Stability of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics in APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1970, p. 447-451 Copyright 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 20, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Stability of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics in Agar Plates KENNETH J. RYAN,

More information

Determination of MIC & MBC

Determination of MIC & MBC 1 Determination of MIC & MBC Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight

More information

Determination of MIC & MBC

Determination of MIC & MBC 1 Determination of MIC & MBC Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight

More information

Lab Three :. Sensitivity test:

Lab Three :. Sensitivity test: Lab Three :. Sensitivity test: Or Diffusion Test: Antibiotic sensitivity test: is a laboratory method for determining the susceptibility of organisms to therapy with antibiotics, Antibiotic susceptibility

More information

such a specimen is often difficult t o obtain.

such a specimen is often difficult t o obtain. Assays of Antimicrobial Agents in Serum by Josephine A. Morello, Ph.D. Under certain clinical circumstances, it will be necessary to measure the antibiotic levels in the b l o o d of a patient being given

More information

obtained from the infected and treated tissues, Fleming's2 technic of hemolytic streptococcus B. Immediately following the infection, 1.0 ml.

obtained from the infected and treated tissues, Fleming's2 technic of hemolytic streptococcus B. Immediately following the infection, 1.0 ml. THE SENSITIVITY OF STREPTOCOCCI TO PENICILLIN G AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIBIOTIC IN VIVO* E. GRUNBERG, C. UNGER, AND D. ELDRIDGE Previous investigations by Grunberg, Schnitzer, and Unger3 on the topical

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (ABST/AST)

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (ABST/AST) Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (ABST/AST) Goal Offer guidance to physicians in selecting effective antibacterial therapy for a pathogen in a specific body site. Performed on bacteria isolated from clinical

More information

Evaluation of a Rapid Bauer-Kirby Antibiotic Susceptibility

Evaluation of a Rapid Bauer-Kirby Antibiotic Susceptibility ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMoTHERAPY, Mar. 1975. p. 250-255 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 7, No. 3 Printed in USA. Evaluation of a Rapid Bauer-Kirby Antibiotic Susceptibility

More information

2120 Lab. Week 11. Experiments 13,14,21. Kirby Bauer, TDT, Chemicals

2120 Lab. Week 11. Experiments 13,14,21. Kirby Bauer, TDT, Chemicals 2120 Lab Week 11 Experiments 13,14,21 Kirby Bauer, TDT, Chemicals Controlling Microorganisms Decontamination: Physical, chemical, and mechanical methods to destroy or reduce undesirable microbes in a given

More information

In Vitro Activity of Coumermycin A1

In Vitro Activity of Coumermycin A1 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1969, p. 69-7 Vol. 1, No. 5 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A In Vitro Activity of Coumermycin A1 JOSEPH FEDORKO, SOL KATZ, AND HEDI ALLNOCH Bacteriology

More information

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Nov. 1980, p. 784-788 0066-4804/80/11-0784/05$02.00/0 Vol. 18, No. 5 Effect of Storage and Changes in Bacterial Growth Phase and Antibiotic Concentrations on Antimicrobial

More information

Pharmacology of Amikacin in Humans

Pharmacology of Amikacin in Humans ANTIMICROBILm AGNTS AND CHMOTHRAPY, May 1974, p. 8-12 Copyright 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol., No. Printed in U.S.A. Pharmacology of Amikacin in Humans GRALD P. BODY, MANUL VALDIVISO, RONALD

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Data Interpretation

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Data Interpretation Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Data Interpretation Dr Shabbir Simjee Microbiologist Co-Chair CLSI VAST Basingstoke England Bangkok, 7-8 October 2014 For clarity, these are solely my personal views/opinions

More information

Applicant Name Pharmaceutical form Strength Animal species Route of administration

Applicant Name Pharmaceutical form Strength Animal species Route of administration Annex I List of the names, pharmaceutical form, strength of the veterinary medicinal product, animal species, routes of administration, applicant in the Member States 1/11 Member State EU/EEA Applicant

More information

01/08/2018. Control of Microbial Growth. Methods. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Three approaches. Cleaning. Chemical.

01/08/2018. Control of Microbial Growth. Methods. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Three approaches. Cleaning. Chemical. Control of Microbial Growth Disinfectants and Antiseptics 1 Methods 2 Three approaches Chemical Disinfectants and antiseptics Physical Heat Ultraviolet Irradiations Mechanical elimination Cleaning Filtration

More information

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF BACTERIA IN VIVO.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF BACTERIA IN VIVO. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF BACTERIA IN VIVO. BY CARROLL G. BULL, M.D. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.) PLATE 7. (Received for publication, April

More information

Pharmacodynamics of Metronidazole Determined by a Time-Kill Assay for Trichomonas vaginalis

Pharmacodynamics of Metronidazole Determined by a Time-Kill Assay for Trichomonas vaginalis ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Aug. 1995, p. 1848 1852 Vol. 39, No. 8 0066-4804/95/$04.00 0 Copyright 1995, American Society for Microbiology Pharmacodynamics of Metronidazole Determined by a Time-Kill

More information

Chapter 9 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Agar Disk Diffusion Method)

Chapter 9 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Agar Disk Diffusion Method) Chapter 9 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Agar Disk Diffusion Method) The disk diffusion method presented in this chapter has been carefully standardized by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory

More information

R IC H A R D C. T IL T O N, Ph.D. A N D L IN D A L IE B E R M A N, B.S.

R IC H A R D C. T IL T O N, Ph.D. A N D L IN D A L IE B E R M A N, B.S. A n n a l s o f C l i n i c a l a n d L a b o r a t o r y S c i e n c e, Vol. 4, No. 3 Copyright 1974, Institute for Clinical Science M icrodilution Assay o f Antibiotics in Body Flu ids R IC H A R D C.

More information

Key words: Paracetamol, antibacterial activity, chemical preservative, zone of inhibition.

Key words: Paracetamol, antibacterial activity, chemical preservative, zone of inhibition. In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of lamatecara Preservatives Abstract: The objective of the current research was to evaluate the efficacy of different preservatives of paracetamol syrup against

More information

Dependability of sensitivity tests in primary culture

Dependability of sensitivity tests in primary culture J. clin. Path., 1976, 29, 179-184 Dependability of sensitivity tests in primary culture PAMELA M. WATERWORTH AND M. DEL PIANO1 From the Department of Microbiology, University College Hospital, London WCJ

More information

Simplified Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria

Simplified Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, OCt. 1975, p. 444-452 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 8, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Simplified Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

More information

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS Specific control measures can be used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. A procedure which leads to the death of cells is broadly

More information

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS

CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS Specific control measures can be used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. A procedure which leads to the death of cells is broadly

More information

Rate of Penicillin Killing of Staphylococcus aureus and

Rate of Penicillin Killing of Staphylococcus aureus and JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1982, p. 27-274 95-1137/82/227-5$2./ Vol. 15, No. 2 Rate of Penicillin Killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Autobac 1 Susceptibility Test Results JO-ANN HARRIS' AND

More information

Meropenem: in-vitro activity and kinetics of activity against organisms of the Bacteroides fragilis group

Meropenem: in-vitro activity and kinetics of activity against organisms of the Bacteroides fragilis group Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (99) 7, 599-606 Meropenem: in-vitro activity and kinetics of activity against organisms of the Bacteroides fragilis group J. A. Garcia-Rodriguez, J. E. Garcia Sanchez,

More information

Effect of Storage of Mueller-Hinton Agar Plates on

Effect of Storage of Mueller-Hinton Agar Plates on APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1970, p. 293-297 Copyright 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 20, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Storage of Mueller-Hinton Agar Plates on Zone Sizes for Antimicrobial

More information

3.0. Materials and methods

3.0. Materials and methods 63 3.0. Materials and methods 3.1. Plant materials and preparation of extracts Salacia oblonga plants were collected from Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. S. oblonga (RRCBI 7881) authentication was done

More information

CI-867, a New Semisynthetic Penicillin: In Vitro Studies

CI-867, a New Semisynthetic Penicillin: In Vitro Studies ANTIROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Dec. 19, p. 939-943 66-44//12-939/5$2./ Vol. 18, No. 6, a New Semisynthetic Penicillin: In Vitro Studies SUSANNE S. WEAVER AND GERALD P. BODEY* Department of Developmental

More information

INTRODUCTION Sanitization sterilization Antibiotics Bactericidal Bacteriostatic Antiseptics disinfectants

INTRODUCTION Sanitization sterilization Antibiotics Bactericidal Bacteriostatic Antiseptics disinfectants INTRODUCTION Infectious agents on environmental surfaces, given the correct circumstances, may potentially find their way into an unsuspecting victim. Thus, it is important to keep the surfaces we regularly

More information

Lauren A. Darling1#, Ann M. Evans1, Kathleen A. Stellrecht1,2, Seela M. Nattanmai1,

Lauren A. Darling1#, Ann M. Evans1, Kathleen A. Stellrecht1,2, Seela M. Nattanmai1, JCM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 20 September 2017 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.01185-17 Copyright 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 JCM Letter to the Editor Submission

More information

CHAPTER-X TYPHOID FEVER R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR.

CHAPTER-X TYPHOID FEVER R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR. CHAPTER-X TYPHOID FEVER R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR. What is Typhoid Fever Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is

More information

10/2/2016. Control of Microbial Growth. Method. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics

10/2/2016. Control of Microbial Growth. Method. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics Control of Microbial Growth Disinfectants and Antiseptics 1 Method Three approaches for the control of microbial growth Chemical Disinfectants and antiseptics Physical Heat Ultraviolet Irradiations Mechanical

More information

Comparison of results from two antibiotic susceptibility testing trials that formed part of the

Comparison of results from two antibiotic susceptibility testing trials that formed part of the J Clin Pathol 1984;37:321-328 Comparison of results from two antibiotic susceptibility testing trials that formed part of the United Kingdom national external quality assessment scheme JJS SNELL, DFJ BROWN,*

More information

We have noticed considerable difference in zone. size when methicillin-sensitivity tests on methicillinresistant

We have noticed considerable difference in zone. size when methicillin-sensitivity tests on methicillinresistant J clin Path, 1974, 27, 4 The reliability of methicillin sensitivity tests on four culture media D F J BROWN AND D KOTHAR From the Division of Hospital nfection, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex,

More information

Growth of Cell Wall-Defective Variants of Escherichia coli: Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Induction Frequencies

Growth of Cell Wall-Defective Variants of Escherichia coli: Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Induction Frequencies JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1977, p. 166-171 Copyright 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 6, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Growth of Cell Wall-Defective Variants of Escherichia coli: Comparison

More information

DETERMINATION OF THE ID50 VALUES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN AGAR. TAKAKO KATO, SATONORI KURASHIGE, Y. A. CHABBERT* and SUSUMU MITSUHASHI

DETERMINATION OF THE ID50 VALUES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN AGAR. TAKAKO KATO, SATONORI KURASHIGE, Y. A. CHABBERT* and SUSUMU MITSUHASHI 1299 DETERMINATION OF THE ID50 VALUES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN AGAR TAKAKO KATO, SATONORI KURASHIGE, Y. A. CHABBERT* and SUSUMU MITSUHASHI Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gunma University,

More information

Version 1.01 (01/10/2016)

Version 1.01 (01/10/2016) CHAIN IDENTIFICATION OF E coli, and Shigella ISOLATES FROM STOOL SAMPLES CHN56: IDENTIFICATION OF E coli, and Shigella ISOLATES FROM STOOL SAMPLES 1.0 PURPOSE / INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Introduction: Gastroenteritis

More information

Introduction. Results

Introduction. Results E valuation of Inhibitory Data of Essential Oil Constituents Obtained w i t h Different Microbiological Testing Methods A. Pauli and K.-H. Kubeczka Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Hamburg,

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Part I

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Part I CE Update Microbiology I Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Part I Patrick R. Murray, PhD W ith the introduction of antimicrobial c h e m o t h e r a p y in t h e 1940s, the hope of eliminating infectious

More information

Influence of Test Conditions on Antifungal Time-Kill Curve Results: Proposal for Standardized Methods

Influence of Test Conditions on Antifungal Time-Kill Curve Results: Proposal for Standardized Methods ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, May 1998, p. 1207 1212 Vol. 42, No. 5 0066-4804/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology Influence of Test Conditions on Antifungal Time-Kill

More information

Introduction. Abstract. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2014; 3 (1): Available online at:

Introduction. Abstract. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2014; 3 (1): Available online at: Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 214; 3 (1): 43-48 Available online at: www.jsirjournal.com Research Article ISSN 232-4818 JSIR 214; 3(1): 43-48 214, All rights reserved Received: 19-11-213

More information

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim: Correlation with a Disk

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim: Correlation with a Disk ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Dec. 1981, p. 731-735 Vol. 20, No. 6 0066-4804/81/120731-05$02.00/0 Agar Dilution Susceptibility of Bacteroides spp. to Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim: Correlation

More information

Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus to

Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus to JOURNAL OF BACTPERIOLOGY, May, 1965 Copyright 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 89, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus to Tetracycline Resistance In Vivo HOWARD JAROLMEN,

More information

Rapid Analysis of Cefazolin in Serum by High-Pressure

Rapid Analysis of Cefazolin in Serum by High-Pressure ANTMCROBIAL AGzNTS ANm CHEMOTHERAY, Jan. 1977, p. 105-109 Copyright X) 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 11, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Rapid Analysis of Cefazolin in Serum by High-Pressure Liquid

More information

Disk Diffusion Method for Susceptibility Testing of

Disk Diffusion Method for Susceptibility Testing of JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1991, p. 1604-1609 0095-1137/91/081604-06$02.00/0 Copyright 1991, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 29, No. 8 Disk Diffusion Method for Susceptibility Testing

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria AwNrIcRoBuL AIGENTS AND CHUMOT R"PY, Mar. 1973, p. 35O-356 Copyright 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. S, No. 3 Prind in U.S.A. Modified Broth-Disk Method for Testing the Antibiotic Susceptibility

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria AwNrIcRoBuL AIGENTS AND CHUMOT R"PY, Mar. 1973, p. 35O-356 Copyright 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. S, No. 3 Prind in U.S.A. Modified Broth-Disk Method for Testing the Antibiotic Susceptibility

More information

Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification

Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification Readings: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/urine-culture http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/558845 (Listen to the two lectures by Dr. Robert A. Weinstein.)

More information

Effect of the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the surface ph of solid media

Effect of the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the surface ph of solid media J Clin Pathol 185;38:565-56 Effect of the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the surface ph of solid media BRIAN WATT, FIONA V BROWN From the Department of Bacteriology, City Hospital, Edinburgh SUMMARY Changes

More information

Effect of the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the surface ph of solid media

Effect of the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the surface ph of solid media J Clin Pathol 185;38:565-56 Effect of the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the surface ph of solid media BRIAN WATT, FIONA V BROWN From the Department of Bacteriology, City Hospital, Edinburgh SUMMARY Changes

More information

Rapid Identification of Bacteroides fragilis with Bile and

Rapid Identification of Bacteroides fragilis with Bile and JOURNAL OF CuNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1977, p. 439-443 Copyright C 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Rapid Identification of Bacteroides fragilis with Bile and Antibiotic

More information

Rapid Identification of Bacteroides fragilis with Bile and

Rapid Identification of Bacteroides fragilis with Bile and JOURNAL OF CuNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1977, p. 439-443 Copyright C 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Rapid Identification of Bacteroides fragilis with Bile and Antibiotic

More information

Terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents

Terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents EUCAST DEFINITIVE DOCUMENT E.Def 1.2 MAY 2000 Terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents European Committee forantimicrobial SusceptibilityTesting

More information

INTERACTIONS OF ORAL STRAINS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS

INTERACTIONS OF ORAL STRAINS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS INTERACTIONS OF ORAL STRAINS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS AND LACTOBACILLI GENEVIEVE YOUNG, R. I. KRASNER, AND P. L. YUDKOFSKY Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts Received for publication

More information

Test Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces

Test Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces Test Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces Test Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

More information

Pharmacodynamics of Ampicillin-Sulbactam in an In Vitro Infection Model against Escherichia coli Strains with Various Levels of Resistance

Pharmacodynamics of Ampicillin-Sulbactam in an In Vitro Infection Model against Escherichia coli Strains with Various Levels of Resistance ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 1998, p. 231 235 Vol. 42, No. 2 0066-4804/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology Pharmacodynamics of Ampicillin-Sulbactam in an In Vitro

More information

Postantibiotic effect of roxithromycin, erytfaromycin, and clindamycin against selected Gram-positive bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae

Postantibiotic effect of roxithromycin, erytfaromycin, and clindamycin against selected Gram-positive bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1987) 20, Suppl. B, 39-46 Postantibiotic effect of roxithromycin, erytfaromycin, and clindamycin against selected Gram-positive bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae

More information

SECONDARY COLONY FORMATION BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON EOSINE

SECONDARY COLONY FORMATION BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON EOSINE SECONDARY COLONY FORMATION BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON EOSINE METHYLENE BLUE AGAR K. K. SHAH' AND V. N. IYER2 Microbiology Department, S. B. Garda College, Navsari, India Received for publication November

More information

OUR IN VITRO DIAGNOSTICS IDENTITY

OUR IN VITRO DIAGNOSTICS IDENTITY OUR IN VITRO DIAGNOSTICS IDENTITY FEBRIL ANTIGENS WIDAL WRIGHT - WEIL FELIX - LISTERIA RAPID TEST TUBE TITRATION MICROPLATE TITRATION TEST FEBRILE ANTIGENS THE COMPLETE SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

More information

Downloaded from at Pennsylvania State University on September 18, 2016

Downloaded from  at Pennsylvania State University on September 18, 2016 Correspondence 217 Doggett, R. G. Incidence of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical sources. Applied Microbiology 18: 9367 (1969). Doggett, R. G., Harrison, G. M., Stillwell, R. N. & Wallis, E.

More information

Setting Clinical Breakpoints/ECOFFS

Setting Clinical Breakpoints/ECOFFS 23 rd August 2016 Setting Clinical Breakpoints/ECOFFS Robin A Howe Antimicrobial use in Primary Care An E. coli is grown from blood cultures Cefuroxime MIC 2mg/L Zone around CXM 30ug disc 27mm Is it sensitive?

More information

Test Method for Efficacy of Copper Alloy Surfaces as a Sanitizer

Test Method for Efficacy of Copper Alloy Surfaces as a Sanitizer Test Method for Efficacy of Copper Alloy Surfaces as a Sanitizer Test Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) Methicillin Resistant

More information

Assay of the Antibiotic Activity of Serum

Assay of the Antibiotic Activity of Serum Ampuw MxcRonoLoGY, July 1969, p. 51-56 VoL 18, No. I Copyright ) 1969 American Society for Micobiology Printed in U.SA. Assay of the Antibiotic Activity of Serum WALTER H. TRAUB Departments of Microbiology

More information

M. Ben-David 1, O. Hammer 1, A.Shinderman 1, Y. Gluckman- Yavo 1, M. Fridman 1, D. Gohman 1, G. Ingber 1 and E. Zahavy 2

M. Ben-David 1, O. Hammer 1, A.Shinderman 1, Y. Gluckman- Yavo 1, M. Fridman 1, D. Gohman 1, G. Ingber 1 and E. Zahavy 2 437 Fast Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Utilizing a Unique Spectral Intensity Ratio Analysis via Single Fluorescence Membrane Dye Staining and Flow Cytometry M. Ben-David 1, O. Hammer 1, A.Shinderman

More information

A membrane filter technique for testing disinfectants

A membrane filter technique for testing disinfectants J. clin. Path., 1975, 28, 71-76 A membrane filter technique for testing disinfectants JEAN PRINCE', C. E. A. DEVERILL, AND G. A. J. AYLIFFE From the Hospital Infection Research Laboratory, Birmingham SYNOPSIS

More information

IMPLEMENTATION OF EUCAST BREAKPOINTS

IMPLEMENTATION OF EUCAST BREAKPOINTS IMPLEMENTATION OF EUCAST BREAKPOINTS BELGIAN /GDL COUNTDOWN UNTIL 1ST JANUARY 2010 : 64 DAYS Pierrette Melin, CHU of Liege Coordinator of the SBIMC-BVIKM/EUCAST microbiology working party 1 Introduction

More information

Clinical Pharmacology of Ceftriaxone in Patients with

Clinical Pharmacology of Ceftriaxone in Patients with ANTIMICROBIAL AOENTS AND CHEMorHERAPY, Apr. 1983, p. 583-588 0066-4804/83/040583-06S02.00/0 Copyright C 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 23, No. 4 Clinical Pharmacology of Ceftriaxone in Patients

More information

Rapid Determination of Salmonella in Samples of

Rapid Determination of Salmonella in Samples of APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 969, p. 88-84 Vol. 8, No. 5 Copyright 969 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Rapid Determination of Salmonella in Samples of Egg Noodles, Cake Mixes, and Candies

More information

MIC & Etest. Dr. M. Talebi Ph.D of Bacteriology Tehran University of Medical Sciences

MIC & Etest. Dr. M. Talebi Ph.D of Bacteriology Tehran University of Medical Sciences MIC & Etest Dr. M. Talebi Ph.D of Bacteriology Tehran University of Medical Sciences MIC The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial agent required

More information

IQCP for Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)

IQCP for Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) IQCP for Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) Test System: Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Kirby Bauer) / Twelve Disk Diffusion Test using BBL Disks Facility:

More information

Guideline for the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicinal products containing antimicrobial substances

Guideline for the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicinal products containing antimicrobial substances 1 2 3 12 February 2015 EMA/CVMP/261180/2012 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) 4 5 6 Guideline for the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicinal products containing Draft

More information

PHA 5128 Case Study # 4. Enter New Patient in Patient Assessment: Select Patient / New Patient and enter all information.

PHA 5128 Case Study # 4. Enter New Patient in Patient Assessment: Select Patient / New Patient and enter all information. 1. Gertrude Thompson MR #: 190522 Account #: 15028 Admission Date: 7/18/94 Physician: Jack Long, Infectious Disease Location: 4 West, Room 408, Bed C Female Black DOB: 2/5/1956 5 4 (163 cm), 220 lbs. (99.79

More information

Inside the Burch Lab: E. Coli and Triclosan Resistance. By: Pamela Lammonds

Inside the Burch Lab: E. Coli and Triclosan Resistance. By: Pamela Lammonds Inside the Burch Lab: E. Coli and Triclosan Resistance By: Pamela Lammonds Purpose and Goals of Research Concerns over infectious disease have risen in the past few years. In response to this concern,

More information

Comparison of Methods for Recovery of Clostridium difficile

Comparison of Methods for Recovery of Clostridium difficile JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1983, p. 348-352 0095-1137/83/080348-05$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 2 Comparison of Methods for Recovery of Clostridium

More information

INFLUENCE OF GUINEA PIG PLASMA FACTORS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS

INFLUENCE OF GUINEA PIG PLASMA FACTORS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS INFLUENCE OF GUINEA PIG PLASMA FACTORS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PASTEURELLA PESTIS II. PLASMA FROM PLAGUE-INFECTED GUINEA PIGS W. G. STANZIALE1 AND J. D. WHITE U. S. Army Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories,

More information

Voriconazole and Aspergillus spp. Rationale for the EUCAST clinical breakpoints, version May 2012

Voriconazole and Aspergillus spp. Rationale for the EUCAST clinical breakpoints, version May 2012 Voriconazole and Aspergillus spp. Rationale for the EUCAST clinical breakpoints, version 1.0 20 May 2012 Foreword EUCAST The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) is organised

More information

Effect of Diuresis on Staphylococcus aureus Kidney

Effect of Diuresis on Staphylococcus aureus Kidney INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 1971, p. 74-746 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 4, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Diuresis on Staphylococcus aureus Kidney Infections in Mice DOLORES

More information

INTERACTIONS OF ORAL STRAINS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS

INTERACTIONS OF ORAL STRAINS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS INTERACTIONS OF ORAL STRAINS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS AND LACTOBACILLI GENEVIEVE YOUNG, R. I. KRASNER, AND P. L. YUDKOFSKY Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts Received for publication

More information

Biofilm Protocol Optimization For Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Introduction. Materials and Methods. Culture Media, Incubation Time, and Biofilm Measurement

Biofilm Protocol Optimization For Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Introduction. Materials and Methods. Culture Media, Incubation Time, and Biofilm Measurement Biofilm Protocol Optimization For Pseudomonas aeruginosa Culture Media, Incubation Time, and Biofilm Measurement Introduction In addition to the conventional arsenal of antibiotic resistance mechanisms

More information

Outline. Introduction. Broth and Agar testing methods Automated susceptibility testing. Aims of antimicrobial susceptibility testing:

Outline. Introduction. Broth and Agar testing methods Automated susceptibility testing. Aims of antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Outline Microbiology Technical Workshop Broth and Agar testing methods Automated susceptibility testing Dr Tan Yen Ee Registrar Singapore General Hospital 25th Sept 2013 Introduction Broth testing methods

More information

6/28/2016. Control of Microbial Growth. Method. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics

6/28/2016. Control of Microbial Growth. Method. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics Control of Microbial Growth Disinfectants and Antiseptics 1 Method Three approaches for the control of microbial growth Chemical Disinfectants and antiseptics Physical Heat Ultraviolet Irradiations Mechanical

More information

Shionogi Presents Results of the First Clinical Efficacy Trial and In Vitro Data on Cefiderocol (S ), a Siderophore Cephalosporin

Shionogi Presents Results of the First Clinical Efficacy Trial and In Vitro Data on Cefiderocol (S ), a Siderophore Cephalosporin Shionogi Presents Results of the First Clinical Efficacy Trial and In Vitro Data on Cefiderocol (S-649266), a Siderophore Cephalosporin Osaka, Japan, April 22, 2017 - Shionogi & Co., Ltd. today announced

More information

The Cat s Out of the Bag: Microbiological Investigations of Acute Transfusion Reactions.

The Cat s Out of the Bag: Microbiological Investigations of Acute Transfusion Reactions. The Cat s Out of the Bag: Microbiological Investigations of Acute Transfusion Reactions. Philippe Lagacé-Wiens, MD FRCPC, DTM&H plagacewiens@sharedhealthmb.ca COI declaration I have no conflicts, real

More information

Practical Aerobic Membrane Filtration Blood Culture

Practical Aerobic Membrane Filtration Blood Culture JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1975, p. 3-36 Copyright ( 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 1, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Practical Aerobic Membrane Filtration Blood Culture Technique: Development

More information

Guideline for the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicinal products containing antimicrobial substances

Guideline for the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicinal products containing antimicrobial substances 1 2 3 16 May 2013 EMA/CVMP/261180/2012 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) 4 5 6 Guideline for the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicinal products containing Revision

More information

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS STREPTOMYCIN SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS STREPTOMYCIN SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION J. clin. Path. (1954), 7, 45. THE RAPID ISOLATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS STREPTOMYCIN SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION BY A. F. MACCABE AND J. C. GOULD From the Department of Bacteriology,

More information

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS STREPTOMYCIN SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS STREPTOMYCIN SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION J. clin. Path. (1954), 7, 45. THE RAPID ISOLATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS STREPTOMYCIN SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION BY A. F. MACCABE AND J. C. GOULD From the Department of Bacteriology,

More information

GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENIC E. COLI DURING CURDLING OF MILK

GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENIC E. COLI DURING CURDLING OF MILK Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2014 Aryya Mitra and Sanjib Ghoshal, 2014 Research Paper ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.com Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2014 2014 IJLBPR. All Rights Reserved GROWTH AND SURVIVAL

More information

Methodology for Recovery of Chemically Treated Staphylococcus aureus with Neutralizing Medium

Methodology for Recovery of Chemically Treated Staphylococcus aureus with Neutralizing Medium APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1983, p. 33-37 99-22/83/533-5$2./ Copyright 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 5 Methodology for Recovery of Chemically Treated Staphylococcus

More information

EM021. Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)( mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

EM021. Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)( mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)(0.002-32 mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing For In Vitro Diagnostic use EM021 Not for Medicinal Use It is a unique MIC

More information

Efficiency of Salmonella Isolation from Meatand-Bone Meal of One 300-g Sample Versus Ten 30-g Samples

Efficiency of Salmonella Isolation from Meatand-Bone Meal of One 300-g Sample Versus Ten 30-g Samples APPuE MICROMOLoGy, Apr. 1972, p. 688-692 Copyright 0 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 23, No. 4 Printed in U.SA. Efficiency of Salmonella Isolation from Meatand-Bone Meal of One 300-g Sample

More information

sulfapyridine, sulfaguanidine, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfapyrazine upon

sulfapyridine, sulfaguanidine, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfapyrazine upon THE ACTION OF SULFONAMIDES AND OF PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID ON BACTERIUM TULARENSE JOSEPH T. TAMURA Department of Bacteriology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati and the Cincinnati General Hospital

More information

Received 23 December 1996/Returned for Modification 26 April 1997/Accepted 30 June 1997

Received 23 December 1996/Returned for Modification 26 April 1997/Accepted 30 June 1997 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Sept. 1997, p. 1910 1915 Vol. 41, No. 9 0066-4804/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology Activities of Vancomycin and Teicoplanin against Penicillin-Resistant

More information

CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION. Many types of suitable media can be used to support the fungal growth and there is no

CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION. Many types of suitable media can be used to support the fungal growth and there is no CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION 4.1 Media Preparation and Subculture Many types of suitable media can be used to support the fungal growth and there is no specific medium ideally suited for the culture of species

More information

Received 9 September 1996/Returned for modification 7 November 1996/Accepted 24 December 1996

Received 9 September 1996/Returned for modification 7 November 1996/Accepted 24 December 1996 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Mar. 1997, p. 630 635 Vol. 41, No. 3 0066-4804/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology Bactericidal Activity of Low-Dose Clindamycin Administered

More information