Agricultural Biotechnology: California and Beyond. Peggy G. Lemaux University of California

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1 Agricultural Biotechnology: California and Beyond Peggy G. Lemaux University of California

2 Biotechnology Basics What s Commercial Now? What s in the Precommercial Field? What Questions Are Being Raised? Is Co-existence Possible?

3 What if you wanted to create a new wheat variety? It depends on the genetic information in the plant? Modern bread variety Ancient variety

4 Where is all that genetic information? Let s take a Tour d Onion to find out

5

6

7 CELLS

8 Nucleus Cell Wall

9 Genes Chromosome

10 Chemical units represented by alphabetic letters

11 of wheat Random retention of information from each parent

12 Super Broccoli created by classical genetics has >3 times the levels of an anti-cancer agent (sulforaphane) SOURCE:

13 wheat By reading entire genome, information is used for Marker- Assisted Selection Genomics 1700 books (or 1.7 million pages)

14 Genomics and molecular tools use Marker Assisted Breeding to create bacterial blight resistant rice

15 Genetic Engineering Technology Inserts randomly in genome equivalent to a gene

16 TERMS USED GMO Genetically Modified Organism GEO Genetically Engineered Organism LMO Living Modified Organism rdna Recombinant DNA Biotechnology

17 Classical Breeding compared to Genetic Engineering Uses plant machinery in plant Gene exchange random involves entire genome When/where genes expressed not controlled by breeder Only between closely related or within species Uses plant machinery in laboratory Gene exchange specific, single or a few genes When/where gene expressed controlled precisely Source of gene from any organism

18 GE Corn 61% of 2006 acreage (Insect Resistant: 25% Herbicide resistant: 21% Stacked gene: 15%) 1% of corn with Bt (ECB) + Bt (rootworm) + herbicide GE Canola 75% of 2004 acreage What GE Varieties Have Been Commercialized GE Alfalfa <0.5% of 2005 acreage GE Soybean 89% of 2006 acreage (Herbicide resistant: 89%) GE Cotton 83% of 2006 acreage (Insect Resistant: 18% Herbicide resistant: 26% Stacked gene: 39%) SOURCE: NCFAP; USDA

19 Bollgard Cotton TM Engineered for insect resistance using gene from naturally occurring bacterium

20 Roundup Ready Soybean Engineered with bacterial gene to tolerate herbicide application

21 Four traits engineered into corn: two herbicide tolerance traits + corn borer and root worm resistance SOURCE:

22 Estimated over 75% of Processed Foods Have GE Ingredients

23 103 million hectares = approximate size of TX + CA

24 Only a few whole foods on the market are genetically engineered GE Sweet Corn GE Papaya GE Squash

25 WHAT S IN THE PRECOMMERCIAL PIPELINE?

26 Tomato Mi gene protects against root knot nematode Genetically engineered Wild type SOURCE: Milligan et al., Plant Cell 10:

27 GE grape root stocks engineered for protection against fanleaf virus: field tested in northern France SOURCE: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service EU-25: GMO trials on grape wine given go-ahead in France. Report E35183

28 Plum trees genetically engineered for resistance to plum pox SOURCE: Information Systems for Biotechnology, June APHIS petition ( ); image courtesy of

29 Maize photosynthesis gene introduced in rice Maize gene involved in photosynthesis boosts rice yields by 35% boosts yields by 35% SOURCE: Los Banos, Philippines, April 2, 2000, AFP SOURCE: Los Banos Philippines, April 2, 2000 A.F.P.

30 Canola engineered to use 50% less nitrogen fertilizer SOURCE:

31 Gene from wild rice improves weed control and submergence tolerance in rice Control Engineered 2005 IRRI Field Trail - Recovery after 17 d submergence SOURCE:

32 Salt-tolerant tomatoes CONTROL GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SOURCE: Zhang and Blumwald (2001) Nature Biotechnology 19:

33 Number of US Regulated Field Trials Where are the field trials of these noncommercial GE varieties being done? Modified from Allen Van Deynze 1020 trials

34 U.S. Acres of Regulated Trials no trials < Modified from Allen Van Deynze > All crops acres 67,564 acres

35 California Agricultural Land 8,603,300 acres cropland = 100.0% 223,263 acres organic = 2.6% 846 acres of 77 biotech trials = 0.1% #Institutions Trials Acres Private Public Total Modified from Allen Van Deynze

36 Acres of California Field Trials Corn Cotton Canola Safflower Soybean Tomato Tobacco Rice Onion Grape Persimmon Chickpea Falseflax Wheat Marigold Alfalfa Modified from Allen Van Deynze Mean = 12 acres

37 Vegetable Nursery 15% 1% Crops Fruit and Nut 11% Forage and Turf 2% Field 71% Traits Fungal Res. FR 5% Herbicide Res. HT 19% Insect Res. IR 9% Agronomic AP 31% Modified from Allen Van Deynze Virus Res. VR 4% Quality PQ 14% Other OO 7% Marker MG 11%

38 What Are Some of the Issues?

39 What are some food safety issues? No peer-reviewed food safety tests Creation of allergens or activation of toxins Pharma crops contaminate food supply Labeling Changes in nutritional content Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria; increase in antibiotic resistance

40 What are some food safety issues? No peer-reviewed food safety tests Creation of allergens or activation of toxins Pharma crops contaminate food supply Labeling Changes in nutritional content Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria; increase in antibiotic resistance

41 Experiments comparing first generation GE crops with controls SOURCE: Flachowsky, G Feeds from Genetically Engineered Plants - Results and Future Challenges. ISB News Report, March 2007, pp. 4-7.

42 What are some food safety issues? No peer-reviewed food safety tests Creation of allergens or activation of toxins Pharma crops contaminate food supply Labeling Changes in nutritional content Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria; increase in antibiotic resistance

43

44 What are some food safety issues? No peer-reviewed food safety tests Creation of allergens or activation of toxins Pharma crops contaminate food supply Labeling Changes in nutritional content Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria; increase in antibiotic resistance

45 March 30, 2004 'Pharm crop' debate takes root in California Biotech By Paul Jacobs and Lisa M. Krieger Mercury News California company growing pharma rice YUBA CITY - An experimental new form of rice, engineered to produce commercial with quantities two genes of prescription to speed drugs, is placing recovery California from in the middle of a raging international dispute over the use of genetically modified crops. childhood diarrhea causes a raging international dispute over use of edible GE Sacramento-based Ventria Bioscience is seeking state approval to grow rice that can make two crops human proteins, to produce normally found drugs in breast milk and tears, for use in treating human illnesses. If it gets the necessary approvals, the decade-old company would become the first commercial producer of genetically engineered ``pharm crops.'' Scientists Zavaleta, N et al J Ped Gastroenterol Nutrition 44:

46 USDA tightens rules on Pharm/Industrial Crops Crop inspection 7 times; 5 in growing season, 2 after harvest Field isolation distances increased Dedicated farm equipment required Permits required for industrial crops, like pharm crops

47 What are some environmental issues? Gene flow via pollen to generate superweeds (herbicide tolerance to wild/weedy species) Transfer of transgenes to non-gmo/organic crops? Loss of genetic diversity? Property rights (gene patents)? Spread of pharmaceutical genes to commercial crops?

48 What are some environmental issues? Gene flow via pollen to generate superweeds (herbicide tolerance to wild/weedy species) Transfer of transgenes to non-gmo/organic crops? Loss of genetic diversity? Property rights (gene patents)? Spread of pharmaceutical genes to commercial crops?

49 Pollen Flow Distances for Crops of Interest Crop Type Mode of Pollination Means of Movement Fdn Seed Prod Isolation Distance Measure Pollen Movemnt Dstance Alfalfa Self-sterile; obligate Bees 900 ft 2000 ft (0.48 mi) outcrossing (0.17 mi) Bentgrass Clonal (stolons); type Wind 900 ft (98%purity) mi outcrossing dep on environment (0.17 mi) Canola Predom. selfing; 30% Wind/insects >1320 ft 1.9 mi outcrossing (0.25 mi) Corn To maintain Almost exclusively Wind seed 660 purity, ft ~2 seed mi outcrossing (0.125 mi) Cotton Predom. Seslfing; Insects >1320 ft n.a. outcrossing with insects (0.25 mi) Rice Self-pollinating Physical 10 ft 30 ft (99.5%); pollen viable touching/wind do 3-15 min not assure 100% purity Squash Obligate outcrossing Insects 1320 ft 0.8 mi (predom. bees) (0.25 mi) Soybean Self-pollinating (99%) Physical 5 ft n.a. foundations established isolation distances before GE crops but they Wheat Self-pollinating (99.9%) touching/wind Physical touching/wind 5 ft >160 ft

50 Question What Are the Consequences of Gene Flow? Consider Vitamin A Genes vs. Herbicide Tolerance Genes from GE Rice to Weedy Red Rice Is the issue whether the gene is present or not or What consequences movement of gene might have?

51 What are some environmental issues? Gene flow via pollen flow to generate superweeds (herbicide tolerance to wild/weedy species) Transfer of transgenes to organic crops? Loss of genetic diversity? Property rights (gene patents)? Spread of pharmaceutical genes into commercial crops?

52 Co-existence of Conventional, Organic and GM Crops Can it be done? And how?

53 One of the most divisive issues regarding genetic engineering is the suggestion that a choice must be made between EITHER organic agriculture OR GMOs. As long as these issues are polarized into all is permitted or nothing is permitted, rational social discussion is impossible. Dualism (right versus wrong) is the enemy of compromise. Co-existence development of best management practices used to minimize adventitious presence of unwanted material and effectively enable different production systems to co-exist to ensure sustainability and viability of all production systems. General concept of co-existence is well established in California with conventional, organic and IPM systems working together.

54 Why are GE crops a co-existence issue for organic farmers? SOURCE: AMS National Organic Program Q&A

55 What Genetic Modification Methods Are PROHIBITED in Organic Production? A A variety of methods are not considered compatible with organic production. Such methods include cell fusion, micro- and macro- encapsulation,, & recombinant DNA technology (including gene deletion, gene doubling, introducing a foreign gene, & changing the positions of genes when achieved by recombinant DNA technology). ). ( National Organic Program) F.J. Chip Sundstrom CCIA

56 Are There Tolerances for GE in From NOP preamble Organic Products? Organic Production is a PROCESS certification NOT a PRODUCT certification allowing for Adventitious Presence (AP) of certain excluded methods. As long as an organic operation has not used excluded methods and takes reasonable steps to avoid contact with the products of excluded methods unintentional presence of products of excluded methods should not affect status of an organic product or operation. F.J. Chip Sundstrom CCIA

57 Pesticides: When residue testing detects prohibited substances at levels that are greater than 5% of the EPA s tolerance for the specific pesticide residue detected the the agricultural product must not be sold or labeled, or represented as organically produced. GMOs: : At the present time there are no specified tolerances for GMOs in organic products. Organic products are not guaranteed GMO-free, although some organic farmers sign contracts guaranteeing GMO-free

58 Will an organic farmer automatically lose his accreditation if his crop is found contaminated with a GE crop? No. As long as an organic operation has not used excluded methods and takes reasonable steps to avoid contact with the products of excluded methods, as detailed in their approved organic system plan, the unintentional presence of the products of excluded methods should not affect the status of an organic product or operation. SOURCE: AMS National Organic Program Q&A

59 Capital Press, September 16, 2005 Communication is key to coexistence and this is not the first time farmers have faced this challenge and succeeded

60 Where to get more information on the issues?

61 Streaming video available in Resources section of ucbiotech.org Cornucopia s Challenge Genetic Engineering in CA Agriculture

62 For release March (Oxford University Press)

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