Chapter 13 - Concept Mapping

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 - Concept Mapping Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the concept map showing the discovery of DNA structure. amount of base pairs five-carbon sugar purine DNA polymerases Franklin and Wilkins pyrimidine DNA replication nitrogenous base Watson and Crick double helix phosphate group Holt Biology 15 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

2 Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Review In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 1. DNA 2. nucleotide 3. purines 4. genes 5. pyrimidines 6. DNA helicase 7. DNA polymerase 8. DNA replication a. represented by adenine and guanine b. enzyme that separates the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the nitrogenous bases c. instructions for inherited traits d. the process by which DNA is copied e. represented by thymine and cytosine f. consists of a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base g. enzyme that adds nucleotides to exposed nitrogenous bases h. name given for deoxyribonucleic acid Write the correct term from the list below in the space next to its definition. codon gene expression RNA transcription translation 9. the process in which RNA is made from the information in DNA 10. includes transcription and translation 11. a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or a start/stop signal 12. a type of nucleic acid that includes three major types 13. a process that occurs at ribosomes where proteins are made from the information found in RNA Holt Biology 16 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

3 13.1 Directed Reading Section: The Structure of DNA Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 1. With what kinds of bacteria did Griffith inject mice? 2. What was different about the S bacteria and the R bacteria? 3. Why were the heat-killed S bacteria harmless? 4. Why was the mixture of heat-killed S bacteria and R bacteria virulent? 5. What did Griffith discover as a result of his experiments? 6. How did Avery discover that the material responsible for transformation in bacteria was DNA? Holt Biology 17 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

4 Directed Reading continued Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or phrase in the brackets. 7. Viruses that infect bacteria are called [bacteriophages / rough]. 8. A virus is made of DNA and [proteins / cell walls]. 9. Radioactive sulfur was used to label the [DNA / protein] in the viruses. 10. Radioactive phosphorus was used to label the [DNA / protein] in the viruses. 11. Hershey and Chase discovered that after the 32 P-labeled phages infected the bacteria, most of the radioactive phosphorus was found in the layer containing [bacteria / phage]. In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 12. double helix 13. nucleotides 14. deoxyribose 15. hydrogen bond 16. nitrogenous bases 17. adenine 18. cytosine 19. Chargaff a. a five-carbon sugar b. type of weak bond between base pairs that holds the double helix together c. four kinds and they form specific pairs d. subunits that make up DNA e. one of two pyrimidines used as a nitrogenous base in nucleotides f. one of two purines used as a nitrogenous base in nucleotides g. discovered that the amount of adenine always equaled the amount of cytosine and that guanine always equaled cytosine h. two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other In the space provided, explain how the terms in each pair are related to each other. 20. base-pairing rules, complementary 21. Wilkins and Franklin, DNA structure Holt Biology 18 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

5 Directed Reading Section: Replication of DNA In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 1. DNA replication 2. DNA helicase 3. replication forks 4. DNA polymerases 5. new DNA strand a. add nucleotides to the exposed bases according to the base-pairing rules b. process of making a copy of DNA c. two Y-shaped areas that form when the double helix separates in DNA replication d. opens up the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases e. each double-stranded DNA helix is made up of one of these after DNA replication Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 6. Identify two major enzymes used during DNA replication. 7. What prevents the separated DNA strands from reattaching to one another during DNA replication? 8. What prevents the wrong nucleotide from being added to the new strand during DNA replication? Holt Biology 19 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

6 Directed Reading continued Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided. 9. Prokaryotic DNA is reproduced with replication forks. 10. Each human chromosome is replicated in about hours and in about sections. 11. The number of nucleotides between each replication fork in human DNA is approximately. Holt Biology 20 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

7 Directed Reading Section: RNA and Gene Expression In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 1. ribonucleic acid (RNA) 2. uracil 3. transcription 4. translation 5. gene expression a. the entire process by which genes are used to build proteins/traits. b. a molecule made of linked nucleotides c. the process of reading instructions on an RNA molecule to put together the amino acids that make up a protein d. the process of transferring a gene s instructions for making a protein to an RNA molecule e. a nitrogenous base used in RNA instead of the base thymine found in DNA Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or phrase in the brackets. 6. Transcription begins when [RNA / RNA polymerase] binds to the gene s promoter. 7. RNA polymerase adds complementary [DNA / RNA] nucleotides as it reads the gene. 8. In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the [nucleus / cytoplasm]. Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 9. What are two differences between transcription and DNA replication? 10. What determines where on the DNA molecule transcription begins and where it ends? Holt Biology 21 DNA, RNA, and Proteins

8 Directed Reading continued In the space provided, explain how the terms in each pair are related to each other. 11. RNA, messenger RNA 12. codons, genetic code Study the following six steps in the synthesis of proteins. Determine the order in which the steps take place. Write the number of each step in the space provided. 13. The codon following the start codon then receives the trna molecule with the complementary anticodon. The trna carries the amino acid specified by the codon. 14. Steps 2 5 are repeated until a stop codon is reached. The newly made protein is released into the cell. 15. The first trna detaches, leaves behind its amino acid, and moves away from the ribosome. 16. Enzymes help form a peptide bond between the amino acids of adjacent trna molecules. 17. The trna (with its growing protein chain) and mrna move one codon down, and the next codon is ready to receive the next trna and its amino acid. 18. An mrna, the ribosome, and a trna carrying the amino acid methionine bind together. The trna bonds to the start codon AUG. Holt Biology 22 DNA, RNA, and Proteins