Lecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses
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1 THE MONOHYBRID CROSS Lecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses FOLLOWING THE INHERITANCE OF ONE TRAIT Monohybrid cross Parents differ by a single trait. Crossing two pea plants that differ in stem size, one tall one short T = allele for Tall t = allele for dwarf Monohybrid cross for stem length: P = parentals true breeding, homozygous plants: T T (tall) t t (dwarf) TT = homozygous tall plant t t = homozygous dwarf plant F 1 generation is heterozygous: T t (all tall plants) T T t t Examples of Monohybrid Genetic Crosses Homozygous x Homozygous Heterozygous x Heterozygous Homozygous x Heterozygous Testcross Homozygous x Homozygous pp x PP This Punnett represents Mendel s P 1 generation The recessive alleles for white flowers (pp) are crossed with the homozygous dominant purple flower (PP) All of the offspring are heterozygous (Pp) and show the dominant trait of purple. Genotype: 100% Pp Phenotype: 100%purple flower color 1
2 Heterozygous x Heterozygous Bb x Bb This is an example of Mendel s F 2 generation that shows 75% dominant and 25% recessive trait (3:1 ratio). This cross represents a cross between two heterozygous black haired rabbits (brown hair is the recessive trait). Genotype: 25% BB; 50% Bb; 25% bb or 1:2:1 ratio. Phenotype: 75% black hair and 25% brown hair (3:1 ratio). Homozygous x Heterozygous BB x Bb This cross represents a homozygous dominant allele for black coat (BB) crossed with a heterozygous allele for black coat (Bb) Genotype: 50% of the offspring are homozygous dominant (BB) and 50% are heterozygous (Bb) Phenotype: 100% black coat. Useful when you want to determine whether a trait is homozygous or heterozygous for the trait. An unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual. Left; If no recessive traits appear, then the unknown genotype if most likely homozygous for the trait. Right: If any of the offspring show the recessive trait, then the unknown genotype is likely heterozygous for the trait. Test Cross Dihybrid Crosses Dihybrid Crosses Dihybrid crosses are those where we consider the inheritance of two characteristics at the same time. Mendel s Peas (again!) Mendel had observed that the seeds of his pea plants varied in several ways among them, whether the peas were round or wrinkled and whether they were green or yellow. He did monohybrid crosses on both characteristics, but then decided to look at how they were inherited together. 2
3 There are four possible combinations of the two characteristics. Peas can be: 1) round and yellow 2) round and green 3) wrinkled and yellow 4) wrinkled and green From his monohybrid trials, Mendel had discovered that the allele for yellow colour was dominant to that for green. He had also found that the allele for round peas was dominant to the allele for wrinkled peas. Starting with individuals that were homozygous, either for both dominant characteristics or both recessive characteristics, he set off breeding again Phenotype Round, yellow X Wrinkled, green Phenotype Round, yellow Genotype RRYY rryy Genotype RrYy X Round, yellow RrYy Gametes all RY all ry Gametes RY, Ry, ry, ry RY, Ry, ry, ry F1 all RrYy F2 We really need a punnet square for this All of the F1 generation would be heterozygous for both characteristics, meaning that they would all be round and yellow. As with monohybrid crosses, he then crossed two of the F1 generation together RY Ry ry ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy ry RrYY RrYy rryy rryy ry RrYy Rryy rryy rryy F2 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Round Yellow Round Green Wrinkled Yellow Wrinkled Green This is the typical ratio expected in a dihybrid heterozygous cross. 3
4 Dihybrid crosses Matings that involve parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits) For example, flower color: P = purple (dominant) and stem length: p = white (recessive) T = tall t = short Dihybrid cross: flower color and stem length TT PP tt pp (tall, purple) (short, white) Possible Gametes for parents tp tp tp tp T P and t p F1 Generation: All tall, purple flowers (Tt Pp) Dihybrid cross F 2 If F 1 generation is allowed to self pollinate, Mendel observed 4 phenotypes: Tt Pp Tt Pp (tall, purple) (tall, purple) Possible gametes: TP Tp tp tp TP Tp tp tp TP TTPP TTPp TtPP TtPp Tp TTPp TTpp TtPp Ttpp tp tp TtPP TtPp ttpp ttpp TtPp Ttpp ttpp ttpp Four phenotypes observed Tall, purple (9); Tall, white (3); Short, purple (3); Short white (1) 9 Tall purple 3 Tall white 3 Short purple 1 Short white Dihybrid cross TP Tp tp tp TP Tp tp tp TTPP TTPp TtPP TtPp TTPp TTpp TtPp Ttpp TtPP TtPp ttpp ttpp TtPp Ttpp ttpp ttpp Phenotype Ratio = 9:3:3:1 Dihybrid cross: 9 genotypes Genotype ratios (9): 1 TTPP 2 TTPp 2 TtPP 4 TtPp 1 TTpp 2 Ttpp 1 ttpp 2 ttpp 1 ttpp Four Phenotypes: Tall, purple (9) Tall, white (3) Short, purple (3) Short, white (1) Dihybrid Crosses:homozygous x homozygous The example at right crosses two homozygous monohybrid traits This is representative of a dihybrid cross of Mendel s P generation Notice that all of the offspring are heterozygous (RrYy) for the dominant trait-- yellow (R) and smooth (Y) 4
5 Dihybrid Cross:heterozygous x heterozygous Dihybrid Cross heterozygous x heterozygous RrYy is a heterozygous trait for yellow, smooth peas This represents Mendel s cross of the F 1 generation, with two traits. The possible gametes, the choices are RY, Ry, ry, and ry After placing the allele combinations along the top and side, you follow the basic rule for combining alleles, remembering to place capital letters first, and like combinations of alleles together. Yellow color ( R ) is dominant to green ( r ) : R= yellow; r= green Round ( Y ) is dominant to wrinkled ( y ): The possible combinations are: 9/16 - round and yellow seeds (genotype: RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy) 3/16 - round, green seeds (genotype: Rryy, Rryy) 3/16 wrinkled,yellow seeds (genotype: rryy, rryy) 1/16 wrinkled, green seeds (genotype: rryy) The ratio of 9:3:3:1 holds true for every dihybrid heterozygous cross! Nine different genotypes and four different phenotypes. Dihybrid Crosses: Problem Sets For each of the problems below, complete the following on a separate sheet of paper: A. List the genotype of each parent described B. Use a Punnett square to predict the possible outcomes of a cross between the 2 parents. C. List the genotypes and the number of that genotype present in the offspring for each cross (can write as a ratio) D. List the phenotypes and the number of that phenotype present in the offspring for each cross (can write as a ratio) Problem Number 1 Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with another heterozygous tall, round seed plant. Symbols (for pea plant traits): T: tall Y: yellow seeds R: Round seeds P: Purple flower t: short y: green seeds r: wrinkled seeds p: white flower Solution for Problem 1 TR Tr tr tr TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr tr TtRR TtRr ttrr ttrr Problem Number 2 Cross a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous dominant for yellow seeds with a plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous recessive for green seeds. tr TtRr Ttrr ttrr ttrr Parents: TtRr x TtRr Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 Phenotypic Ratio: 9:3:3:1 5
6 Solution for Problem 2 Problem Number 3 PY PY py py Py PPYy PPYy PpYy PpYy Py PPYy PPYy PpYy PpYy py PpYy PpYy ppyy ppyy py PpYy PpYy ppyy ppyy Cross a plant that is heterozygous for round seeds and homozygous recessive for white flowers with a plant that is homozygous recessive for wrinkled seeds and heterozygous for purple flowers. Parents: PpYY x Ppyy Genotypic Ratio: 4:4:4:4 Phenotypic Ratio: 12:4 Solution for Problem 3 Problem Number 4 Rp Rp rp rp rp RrPp RrPp rrpp rrpp rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp rp RrPp RrPp rrpp rrpp rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp Cross a plant that is heterozygous tall and homozygous for green seeds with a plant that is short and is also homozygous for green seeds. Parents: Rrpp x rrpp Genotypic Ratio: 4:4:4:4 Phenotypic Ratio: 4:4:4:4 Solution for Problem 4 Problem 5 Ty Ty ty ty Parents: Ttyy x ttyy Genotypic Ratio: 8:8 In dogs, there is an hereditary deafness caused by a recessive gene, d. A kennel owner has a male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. The dog can hear, so the owner knows his genotype is either DD or Dd. If the dog s genotype is Dd, the owner does not wish to use him for breeding so that the deafness gene will not be passed on. How she tell the genotype of this male dog? Phenotypic Ratio: 8:8 6
7 The end Questions??? 7
Outer. Last. Possible gamete combinations for parent 1: RY RY ry ry F (first) O (outer) I (inner) L (last)
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