Péter Antal Ádám Arany Bence Bolgár András Gézsi Gergely Hajós Gábor Hullám Péter Marx András Millinghoffer László Poppe Péter Sárközy BIOINFORMATICS

Transcription

1 Péter Antal Ádám Arany Bence Bolgár András Gézsi Gergely Hajós Gábor Hullám Péter Marx András Millinghoffer László Poppe Péter Sárközy BIOINFORMATICS The Bioinformatics book covers new topics in the rapidly expanding field of bioinformatics, from next-generation sequencing to drug discovery and metagenomics. The first two chapters overviews genetic measurement methods. The next four chapters discuss topics related to the effect of genetic variants from protein modeling to gene regulatory networks. Standard statistical analysis in association studies are discussed in the next two chapters. The systems biology approach is illustrated by discussing a systems-based biomarker analysis method, the graph-based network science, the dynamical systems based approaches and a Bayesian causal inference method in subsequent chapters. The next chapter discusses text-mining methods in biomedicine, especially their application in interpretation and translation. The decision theoretic approach to study design, especially multi-stage, sequential study design is discussed in the next chapter, introducing the concepts of value of information and the expected value of an experiment. Next, the heterogeneity of biomedical big data sources is overviewed, together with data and knowledge fusion methods, and with the discussion of semantic publishing, which can lead to a new unification of biomedicine. Subsequently, bioinformatic workflow methods are summarized. At last, drug discovery methods are overviewed with an outlook for personalized medicine and the final chapter presents the main steps and workflows in metagenomics. Keywords: genotyping, next-generation sequencing methods, protein modeling, gene regulatory networks, omic networks, study design, data and knowledge fusion, worklfow systems, association study, biomarker analysis, medical decision support systems, semantic publishing, similarity based drug discovery, metagenomics. Budapest University of Technology & Economics and Semmelweis University Typotex Kiadó 2014

2 COPYRIGHT: , Péter Antal, Ádám Arany, Bence Bolgár, András Gézsi, Gergely Hajós, Gábor Hullám, Péter Marx, András Millinghoffer, László Poppe, Péter Sárközy, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Semmelweis University Creative Commons NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) Terms of use of : This work can be reproduced, circulated, published and performed for non-commercial purposes without restriction by indicating the author s name, but it cannot be modified. Scientific lectors: Viktor Molnár, András Antos ISBN Prepared under the editorship of Typotex Kiadó Responsible manager: Zsuzsa Votisky Prepared within the framework of the project Konzorcium a biotechnológia aktív tanulásáért ( Consortium for the Active Studying of Biotechnology ) Grant No. TÁMOP /A/1-11/

3 Contents 1 DNA recombinant measurement technology, noise and error models Historic overview Clinical aspects of genome sequencing Partial Genetic Association Studies Genome Wide Association Studies First generation automated Sanger sequencing Next generation sequencing technologies Pyrosequencing and ph based sequencing Reversible terminator based sequencing Nanopore based sequencing Error characteristics of Next Generation Sequencing Carry forward/incomplete extension Homopolymer errors Capture technologies PCR capture Emulsion PCR Bridge amplification Targeted resequencing De-novo sequencing Next generation sequencing workflows Filtering Mapping Assembly Variant calling Paired end sequencing Multiplexing samples The post-processing, haplotype reconstruction, and imputation Genome Genotype Single nucleotide polymorphisms Types of point mutation Haplotypes and recombination

4 Contents Linkage Disequilibrium Haplotype reconstruction Imputation Genotyping platforms Sample preparation Regions of interest Primer Design PCR Probe-tag based genotyping Sanger sequencing Real-time qualitative polymerase chain reaction SNP arrays Genotyping vs. gene expression Call rate and accuracy Comparative protein modeling and molecular docking Introduction The protein structure gap Methods of protein modeling Comparative protein modeling Steps of homology modeling Tools for homology modeling Molecular docking Protein-ligand interaction predictions Protein-biomacromolecule interaction predictions Methods of determining structure of proteins and protein structure databases Introduction Protein identification tools Simple protein analyses Levels and problems of protein structure predictions Experimental methods to determine the secondary structure of proteins Protein circular dichroism (CD) Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) Experimental methods to determining atomic structures of proteins Protein X-ray crystallography Protein NMR spectroscopy Protein electron microscopy, electron diffraction and electron crystallography Protein neutron crystallography

5 Contents 5 5 Quantitative models of the functional effects of genetic variants Introduction Variants SNP, indel Alternative splicing Levels of regulation Different regulatory elements microrna mirna development mirna regulatory methods Transcription factors Epigenetics Methylation Histone modifications Mathematical models of gene regulatory networks Introduction Learning networks Representation Types of network learning algorithms TF, mirna, mrna regulatory networks Standard analysis of genetic association studies Introduction Genetic data transformation Filtering Standard test for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Phenotype data transformation Transformation Discretization Univariate analysis methods Standard association tests Cochran Armitage test for trend Odds ratios Univariate Bayesian methods Multivariate analysis methods Logistic regression Haplotype association Analysis of statistical power Analyzing gene expression studies Introduction Pre-procession

6 Contents Background correction Normalization Summarization Filtering Data analysis Clustering Differential expression Biological interpretation of results Biomarker analysis 115 Notation Introduction Background Bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance Multivariate scalability: k-mbs and k-mbg features A knowledge-rich aggregation of input features Interaction, redundancy based on posterior decomposition Relevance for multiple targets Conditional and contextual relevance Posteriors for the predictive power of input features Algorithmic aspects and applications Summary Network biology Introduction Biological networks Basics of graph theory Network analysis Network topology Network models and dynamics Assortativity, degree distribution and scale-free networks Tasks and challenges An application to drug discovery Dynamic modeling in cell biology Biochemical concepts and their computational representations Modeling with ordinary differential equations Stochastic modeling Hybrid methods Reaction diffusion systems Model fitting Whole-cell simulation Overview

7 Contents 7 12 Causal inference in biomedicine 152 Notation Introduction Representing independence and causal relations by Bayesian networks Constraint based inference of causal relations and models Learning complete causal domain models Bayesian inference of causal features Edges: direct pairwise dependencies Pairwise causal relations MBG subnetworks Ordering of the variables Effect modifiers Text mining methods in bioinformatics Introduction Biomedical text mining Constructing the corpus Constructing the vocabulary Text mining tasks Basic techniques Pattern matching Document representation Methods for named entity recognition Methods for relation extraction Lexicalized probabilistic context-free grammars Difficulties in biomedical text mining Text mining and knowledge management Experimental design: from the basics to active learning extensions Introduction The elements of experimental design Phases of biomedical DOE Types of biological experiments A decision theoretic approach to DoE Expected value of an experiment Adaptive designs and budgeted learning A Bayesian treatment of sequential decision processes Approaches to target variable selection Gene Prioritization Active learning Other practical tasks relying on bioinformatics

8 Contents 8 15 Big data in biomedicine Introduction The first wave of biomedical big data Post-genomic big data: the second wave The common big data The health-related common big data in biomedicine Bioinformatic challenges of common big data Analysis of heterogeneous biomedical data through information fusion Introduction Information fusion and data fusion Types of data fusion Early fusion Intermediate fusion Late fusion Similarity-based data fusion The Bayesian Encyclopedia Introduction The three worlds of data, knowledge and computation From fragmentation problems to workflow for unification Data repositories with semantic technologies Semantic publishing for the literature world Causal Bayesian network-based data analytic knowledge bases Examples for links between worlds Prospects for the Bayesian Encyclopedia Bioinformatical workflow systems case study Overview of tasks Data model and representation Use cases and architecture Implementation details of the server Postprocessing steps Computational aspects of pharmaceutical research Overview of the process Chemoinformatical background Screening criteria Method Fragment-based design Drug repositioning

9 Contents 9 20 Metagenomics Introduction Metagenome analysis Community profiling Functional metagenomics Metagenomics step by step Sampling Sequencing Assembly Binning Gene calling and functional inference