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1 Chapter 19 Viruses PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2 Concept 19.1: A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat Viruses are not cells and are not considered to be living organisms. They cannot reproduce or carry out metabolism (eat) on their own. They are very small infectious particles, smaller than a ribosome (20-30nm) to several hundred nanometers long

3 Viral Genomes, Capsids, Envelopes Viral genomes may consist of either DNA (DNA virus) or RNA (RNA virus) A capsid is the protein shell that encloses the viral genome Capsids are built from protein subunits called capsomeres Possible membranous envelope if it s a virus that infect animals. Made of glycoproteins which come from: The hosts cell membrane as it exits the host The hosts nuclear membrane, which is then replaced by an envelope made by the Golgi apparatus.

4 Concept 19.2: Viruses reproduce only in host cells (Viral Reproductive Cycle) Viruses are obligate intracellular (within the host cell) parasites that have a limited number of host cells it can infect. (host range) Steps: 1. Once a viral genome has entered a cell, the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins 2. The virus makes use of host enzymes, ribosomes, trnas, amino acids, ATP, and other molecules 3. Viral nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres spontaneously selfassemble into new viruses

5 Reproductive Cycles of Phages Phages are the best understood of all viruses Phages have two reproductive mechanisms: 1. The lytic cycle is a phage reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell The lytic cycle produces new phages and digests the host s cell wall, releasing the progeny viruses A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle is called a virulent phage Bacteria have defenses against phages, including restriction enzymes that recognize and cut up certain phage DNA

6 The Lysogenic Cycle The lysogenic cycle replicates the phage genome without destroying the host The viral DNA molecule is incorporated into the host cell s chromosome This integrated viral DNA is known as a prophage Every time the host divides, it copies the phage DNA and passes the copies to daughter cells An environmental signal can trigger the virus genome to exit the bacterial chromosome and switch to the lytic mode Phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles are called temperate phages

7 RNA as Viral Genetic Material The broadest variety of RNA genomes is found in viruses that infect animals Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA HIV is the retrovirus that causes AIDS 1. The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome is called a provirus and remains a permanent resident of the host cell. 2. The host s RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules 3. The RNA molecules function both as mrna for synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for new virus particles released from the cell

8 Viral Diseases in Animals Effects: Viruses may damage or kill cells by causing the release of hydrolytic enzymes or producing toxins. Vaccines or antiviral drugs can prevent/treat certain viral illnesses. harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen Emerging viruses are those that appear suddenly or suddenly come to the attention of scientists Can cause epidemics when the virus expands it host range, possibly even jumping to a different species. Results in a lack of immunity to the new virus Such strains can possibly result in a pandemic (global infection)

9 Viroids and Prions: The Simplest Infectious Agents Viroids are circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth Prions are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals Prions propagate by converting (folding) normal proteins into the prion version and then they aggregate (come together) Ex. Mad cow disease

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