Introduction to bioeconomy. FIBRE AND PARTICLE ENGINEERING Mirja Illikainen

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1 Introduction to bioeconomy Mirja Illikainen

2 Sustainable growth from bioeconomy The forest bioeconomy perspective

3 Bioeconomy: The next economic wave GDP and wellbeing Fossil economy Natural resource economy The next wave of economy is bioeconomy, which produces economic growth and wellbeing. Finland is a bioeconomy superpower. We have plenty of natural resources, expertise and agility.

4 Bioeconomy: Born from necessity 30 % more water 50 % more food Due to population growth, by 2030 the world will need: People are forced to find alternatives to non-renewable raw materials. Climate change Scarcity of non-renewable raw materials etc 45 % more energy

5 Bioeconomy: Bioeconomy is the solution Sustainably uses biological natural resources to produce goods, energy, food and services Aims: decrease dependency on fossil raw materials prevent deprivation of ecosystems promote economic development and create new jobs

6 Bioeconomy s significance in Finland Turnover 60bn Finland seeks to increase its bioeconomy output to 100bn euros by 2025 and to create 100,000 new jobs in the process. Share of employment 13% Bioeconomy combines wood processing, chemistry, energy, construction, technology food and health. Share of exports 26% About half of Finland s bioeconomy consists of forest bioeconomy.

7 Forest bioeconomy Of our total land area, 80% is covered by forest, which is managed so that it produces significantly more wood than we currently use. The forest-based industry is a Finnish pioneer in bioeconomy. It utilizes renewable natural resources while incorporating economic, social and ecological sustainability in its activities. The annual growth of Finnish forests 100 mill m³ Annual industrial use 55 mill m³

8 Teaming up to build a bioeconomic future Cooperation and combination of technologies make Finland a true pioneer in bioeconomy. Finland has strong expertise in forest, technology, construction, energy, chemistry as well as in food and health. Together we have developed know-how, expertise, technologies and solutions that are not found anywhere else.

9 Wood will serve many functions in the future Examples of products : Intelligent packaging that monitors the intake of medicine or edibility of food products Remotecontrolled paper price tags Flexible screens made of nanocellulose Sound systems and car parts made of wood composite Biodegradable packaging materials

10 Chemistry enables bioeconomy Finland has plenty of expertise in chemistry, biochemistry and processes connected to handling biomasses. About a third of chemical industry companies use biobased raw materials. The use of these and biotechnology are on the increase. Smart refinement and use of biomasses, recycling and water purification.

11 Biobased chemistry Examples close to consumers: Paints containing binders based on vegetable oils Advanced biofuels Biobased materials for packaging and medicine Cellulose gum as yoghurt thickening agent and tall oil products for glues Cosmetic creams containing forest berry ingredients Car tyres containing natural rubber and oils

12 Energy from biomass Renewable energy replaces fossil fuels and combats climate change. Finland is a global pioneer in the coproduction of electricity and heat. This makes it possible to use wood-based fuels extensively and energy-efficiently. New technology to refine biomass into pyrolysis oil, bio-gas and bio-coal will significantly increase the options to utilize bio-energy. Most of Finland s renewable energy is forest based.

13 New food systems and decentralized solutions New business operations are created in the chemical and energy industries by utilizing closed cycles in food systems, bioprocessed products and livestock production sidestreams as well as field biomasses. Decentralized and regional operational models are being supplemented with local food production, regional energy selfsufficiency and vitality. Finland possesses high-standard expertise in the development of functional foods. Natural products produced in accordance with new consumer trends offer the bio-economy new business opportunities.

14 Wooden construction boosts wellbeing A built environment containing wood has been shown to increase people s wellbeing. Wooden construction can cut a building s carbon footprint by 15-30%. Thanks to new innovations, wood offers more versatile solutions for building and interior design.

15 Health from the forest Side streams of pulp production can be refined into: Xylitol, a sweetener, which decreases the risk of dental cavities and children s ear infections. Plant sterol, which can lower cholesterol levels in blood. Pitch is made into an ointment to treat skin cuts. Birch bark Research is being carried out on betulin from birch bark, which may lower the activity of HIV. Berries and mushroom Natural health promoting food ingredients, e.g. berries

16 Solution-driven experts Through cooperation and combining technologies, we can achieve wellness-promoting and sustainable products and services. Technologies, procedures and expertise developed in Finland can be transferred and applied globally. Bioeconomy solutions produced in Finland can advance sustainable global welfare.

17 Strategic goals Implementation and monitoring Finland s bioeconomy strategy 1. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR BIOECONOMY 2. NEW BUSINESS FROM BIOECONOMY 3. STRONG KNOW-HOW BASE FOR BIOECONOMY 4. USABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOMASS Sustainable bioeconomy solutions are the basis of Finland s welfare and competitiveness.

18 Bioeconomy value chains Wood processing Chemistry Biomass Energy Food Construction Ecosystem services Products Expertise Bioeconomy value chains produce goods, services and solutions sustainably and through clean technologies e.g. cleantech

19 Ask a Finn! Source of information: TEM Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland

20 =youtu.be

21 Introduction to bioeconomy Bioeconomy in Finland Forest bioeconomy Today and future in Finland Future visions of bioeconomy

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25 Introduction What is bioeconomy? Why does bioeconomy matter? Renewable natural resources Biorefining and value-chains

26 Bioeconomy the fundamentals The original "bioeconomics" referred to the study of how organisms of all kinds earn their living in "nature's economy" with emphasis on co-operative interactions and the progressive elaboration of the division of labor (see Hermann Reinheimer, Evolution by Co-operation: A Study in Bioeconomics, 1913). The EU commission labelled Bioeconomy for Europe includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food production, as well as parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries. Bioeconomy encompasses: 1) sustainable production of renewable biological resources 2) their conversion to bio-based products and energy 3) resource efficiency towards a new, post-petroleum society

27 What is included into bioeconomy? UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) states that green economy includes the following thematic areas: Agriculture Fishing and fisheries Water Forest Renewable energy Manufacturing industries Transport/logistics Tourism and ecosystem services Cities

28 Why to get interested? Bioeconomy aims to answer significant global and local societal challenges and issues Climate change global living conditions Growth in population and consumption resources for future Insufficient European reserve of oil and metals safety

29 Climate change and its scenarios

30 Consumption and price of oil and energy

31 Availability and security of energy distribution

32 Rural livelihood and business opportunities

33 Clean water and food

34 Resource efficiency and recycling

35 Bioeconomy Value Bioeconomy in EU is worth some 2000 billion euro It employs 22 million people, some 9% of EU workforce Includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, food, pulp and paper, green chemicals and green energy Bioeconomy in Finland (2011) was worth 53 billion Employed Finns (not including chemical industry nor machinery manufacture)

36 Bioeconomy EU strategy and programs EU2020-strategy aims to intelligent, sustainable and participatory economical growth Goals set for Finland include: Employment rate 78% Level of R&D funding, 4% of GDP 16% reduction in CO2 emissions from 1990 level 38% of total energy from renewable sources Reduction of energy consumption of 4.21 (Mtoe, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent)

37 Bioeconomy case Finland Finnish national strategy on Bioeconomy; aims and actions is under preparation, due to the Prime Minister's Office by the end of Targets Renewable resources are refined in Finland into high-end value-adding products and services. Identify few focus areas where e.g. research funding, new enterprises and educational activity is directed. Double the value of bioeconomy based operations by 2025 and create new jobs

38 Bioeconomy national vision 1. Identify the economic potential of bioeconomy and develop customer-oriented solutions for export to global markets 2. Ensure knowhow by supporting education and research 3. New business is created by risk financing, courageous experimentation of new ideas, having a strong domestic market and cross-industrial activities 4. Strengthen the operating conditions by ensuring the supply of natural resources, sustainability, justification of their use and securing the ecosystem services

39 Bioeconomy is not just about new products and business opportunities Way of living that is sustainable Local economies Policy Support for green materials, energy etc. production (economic) penalties for unsustainable actions Compromises and judgment based to assessed value Not just more and more consumption of resources Also more economically and with less commodities Smart welfare for growing population

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41 Sustainable forest management

42 Tourism and ecosystem services

43 Lignocellulose-based bioeconomy Refining of sustainable high-value products

44 Bioeconomy one likely portfolio from biomass Cosmetics Medicine and healthcare Green chemicals Energy and biofuels Next generation of wood and paper products Smart wood structures Packaging Combining of wood to other materials (composites) Biopolymers and plastics Current products

45 Processes of bioeoconomy RAW MATERIAL PROCESS SOLUTIONS PRODUCT / MARKET BIOMASS RESOURCES LIGNOCELLULOSES PROCESS RESIDUES WASTES AND RESIDUES ETC. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS SIDE STREAMS BIOMASS CONVERSION MECHANICAL CHEMICAL THERMOCHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL/ENZYMATICAL ETC. SERVICES AND BUSINESS MODELS MATERIAL RECYCLING AND REUSE RENEWABLES BIOPRODUCTS BIOMATERIALS CONSTRUCTION PACKAGING WOOD PRODUCTS PAPER PRODUCTS BIOPLASTICS COMPOSITES PHARMACEUTICALS BIOCHEMICALS ADDITIVES COATINGS FILLERS EXTRACTS FOODSTUFF BIOENERGY HEAT & POWER BIOFUELS

46 R&D aim is towards high-value products

47 Bioeconomy value in refining (chemical route)

48 Lignocellulosic biomass Wood constituent products Lignin Extractives Hemicellulose Cellulose depend on amount of processing

49 Wood material NATIVE WOOD Sawn timber Boards, planks, beams, batten.. Wood veneers Energy use (bark, stump, chips..) Engineered wood products Plywood Chip- and particleboards Fiberboards Cross-laminated boards

50 Wood material Grinded wood Sawdust Fine grinded powders Nano grinded powders Composites Wood-plastic composites Wood-like materials Building and decoration products Reinforcements Insulators of heat, sound and vibration Coatings Adsorbents Filler in thermosetting resins

51 Lignin Second most abundant natural substance in the world Annual production by industry is currently approx. 5 million metric tons. Today mostly incinerated to create steam and energy Underutilized chemical conversion possibilities Technologies for isolation and conversion under intense international study Energy utilization Black liquor EXTRACTED LIGNIN Refined chemical products hydrocarbons phenols macromolecules functional chemicals Dissolution in ionic liquids, simple or supercritical solvents

52 Lignin Ethanol/mixed alcohols Fischer Tropsch Liquids Cyclohexane Methanol/Dimethyl ether (DME) Mixed Liquid Fuels LIGNIN Styrenes Biphenyls Substituted Phenols DMSO Cyclohexanol/al Aromatic Acids Aliphatic Acids Catchols, cresols, resorcinols Eugenol Guaiacols Quinones Syringols BTX and Higher Alkylates E Substituted Lignins Carbonylated Ethoxylated Carboxylated Epoxidized Carbon Fiber Composites Thermosets Wood Preservatives Polymer Alloys Formaldehyde-free Adhesives and Binders Mixed Aromatic Polyols Fillers, Polymer Extender Coniferols Beta-ketoadipate Vanillin Nutraceuticals/Drugs Vanilic Acid Syringaldhyde and Aldehydes

53 Hemicelluloses Branched polymers: xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, and xyloglucan that contain many different sugar monomers Found in plant cell wall where they bind with pectin to cellulose to form a network of cross-linked fibres Most commonly utilized in biofuel and -material applications Energy utilization Fermented biofuels HEMICELLULOSE USE Refined chemical products monomers gelates performance and speciality chemicals Replacement of oil based chemicals and materials

54 Hemicelluloses Furfurals

55 Production of biodiesel in EU has incleased to almost 8- fold in less than 10 years but declining or levelling Policymakers are sceptic about the benefits of biofuels and the issues they have interfering with food production and arable land usage Eurostat

56 Cellulose Particular cellulose products Chemical cellulose derivatives Pulp, paper and board products Fibre boards Textiles Coatings Adhesives Stabilizers Composites Few cellulose derivatives Cellulose acetates Cellulose nitrates Cellulose sulfates Cellulose xanthates Cyanoethyl cellulose Carboxymethyl cellulose Ethyl cellulose Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Ethyl-methyl cellulose Hydroxyethyl cellulose Hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose Hydroxypropyl cellulose Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose Methyl cellulose PAPER Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC) Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) FILM NOVEL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTIES Composites with strength and tailored functionality Antibacterial surfaces Smart packaging Molecular filters Flexible displays Tailored functionality Super hydrophobic surfaces Nanophotonics Self-power generation Nanolabelling Self-assembly Magnetic field alignment Optical properties Piezoelectric properties Drug delivery Some of their applications and end-uses Films, fibers, coatings, heat and rot resistant fibers Films, fibers, membranes, explosives Oil recovery, paints, paper, textiles, cosmetics Textiles, stabilizing agants, adsorbants, films Products with high dielectric constants, fabrics with heat and rot resistances Food additives, fibers, coatings, oil-well drilling muds, pharmaceuticals Plastics, lacquers, pharmaceuticals, inks Emulsifiers, stabilizers and thickeners Emulsifier, stabilizer, thickening agent, foaming agent Gelling and thickening agent in films, pains, coatings and cosmetics Gelling and thickening agent Paints, lubricants, thickener, emulsion stabilizer, disintegrants and binders Viscosity modifier, gelling, foaming and binding agent in e.g. paints Food additives, films, cosmetics and greaseproof paper coatings

57 Cellulose The most common organic compound on Earth. Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper but also converted into derivatives such as rayon, cellophane and viscose, - water-soluble adhesives and binders such as methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, - particular components such as microcrystalline cellulose and nanocellulose fibrils. Converting cellulose from energy crops into biofuels is under investigation as it can be hydrolyzed into glucose. CELLULOSE Fibre materials pulp, paper and board products regenerated cellulose fibres micro and nano scale particulars Chemical products adhesives, fillers and binders thickeners and stabilizers speciality chemicals Energy incineration bacterial conversion

58 Products are prepared in biorefineries

59 Forest industries aim to be born again as bioeconomy operatives Pulpwood Forestry/agri residues Black liquor Primary treat-ment Fibre processing Integrated Energy System Conver-sion Conver-sion Pulp & Cellulose Heat & Power Chemicals and materials Biofuels

60 One way to see a pulp mill biorefinery Energy Chemicals/Materials DME Ethanol FT-diesel Biooil Heat Electricity Solid fuel Lignin Lignin Cellulose Bark Forestry residues Lignin Hemicellulose Cellulose Phenols Carbon fiber Binders Dispersants Activated carbon Fiber additives Barriers Hydrogels Fibers Derivatives Nanocellulose Extractives Functional polymers Bioactive compounds

61 Biorefining research (global view) BIOMASS COMPOSITION Biochemically diverse Rich in waterand oxygen Material constituent groups Nutrients, bioenergy carriers PRETREATMENTS ESSENTIAL FRACTIONATION MECHANICAL, THERMAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES REFINEMENT & POST- PROCESSING MECHANICAL PROCESSES BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES MATERIAL MANUFACTURE PRODUCTS CHEMICALS BIOFUELS BIOENERGY BIOMATERIALS

62 General biomass conversion possibilities RESEARCH TARGETS!

63 Biochemical Refinement of lignocellulosic material

64 Bioeconomy is efficient and controlled rawmaterial value chain and material flows

65 Links to additional information

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